Consider the following research questions/study scenarios. For each study, discuss the most appropriate methods for describing the data (graphically and numerically). What statistical method would be most appropriate for addressing the research questions? Be sure to provide a justification of the statistical method. When a statistical test is needed, provide appropriate null and research hypotheses.
a. A study was performed to describe invasive cervical cancer rates between two states.
b. A comparison of smoking habits for menthol and non-menthol smokers is conducted. The outcome of interest is the number of cigarettes smoked, and race was considered to be a potential confounder.
c. To investigate factors related to violence, a recent questionnaire asked participants, "Within the past 12 months, how many people have you known personally that were victims of homicide?" A total of 1308 subjects responded to the question and were identified as being white or non-white, residing in an urban or rural area, ever been arrested, male or female, employment status, and age.