Evaluate the following using thermodynamic reasoning:
Addition of salt in 7-Up results in intense bubbling.
Entropy favors random mixing. Yet we may observe that the surface has more solute than the bulk. This effect diminishes as temperature increases.
It is expected that a defect-free solid should have lower energy. Yet we talk about the equilibrium concentration of vacancies.
Mg or Ce is added in molten cast iron to make SG Iron.
A component may sublime at STP.
From thermodynamic data, you can tell about the conditions in which a metal may passivate.
In laboratory conditions, a liquid may not freeze when you keep it below the normal freezing point.
In some situations, the Helmholtz free energy criterion should be used instead of the Gibbs free energy criterion.
The line separating two allotropes in a unary phase diagram may have a positive or negative slope.
In a given metal sample, you may find a much higher concentration of vacancies.
If a metal melts, the slope of the line in the Ellingham diagram would increase. However, when an oxide melts, the slope of the line in the Ellingham diagram would decrease.
The entropy of the universe is increasing.
Immiscibility in the liquid state can help us in the machining of the alloy.
Phase diagrams are based on the concept of chemical potential.
There is a suitable spontaneity criterion for a process carried out in a closed container from which no heat gets in or comes out.
The practical efficiencies of heat engines are much lower.
In electrochemical processes, the conditions for reversibility may be approached.
Electrochemical reduction may be more useful than carbon reduction in some situations.
In some cases, direct reduction of oxides is not practically feasible.
Iodine sublimes under normal conditions.