11 question which of the following is used as a nitrating...

11. Question Which of the following is used as a nitrating agent in the reaction of nitration of benzene? A mixture of concentrated iodic acid and sulfuric acid A mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid A mixture of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid A mixture of concentrated nitric acid and iodic acid

NITRATION OF BENZENE Benzene undergoes nitration on reaction with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. (FIGURE CANNOT COPY) Concentrated sulfuric acid increases the rate of the reaction by increasing the concentration of the electrophile, the nitronium ion $\left(\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{+}\right),$ as shown in the first two steps of the following mechanism. (FIGURE CANNOT COPY) In this step nitric acid accepts a proton from the stronger acid, sulfuric acid. (FIGURE CANNOT COPY) Now that it is protonated, nitric acid can dissociate to form a nitronium ion. (FIGURE CANNOT COPY) The nitronium ion is the electrophile in nitration; it reacts with benzene to form a ance-stabilized arenium ion. (FIGURE CANNOT COPY) The arenium ion then loses a proton to a Lewis base and becomes nitrobenzene.

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