13. (a) A bond is _______ if the electronegativity difference between the atoms in the bond is less than 1.8 but greater than 0.4 (covalent/polar covalent/ionic). 2pts (b) A molecule is _______ if it is asymmetrical and has a net dipole moment (polar/non-polar) 2pts
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A covalent bond is likely to be polar if _____________ a. the two atoms sharing electrons are equaly electronegative b. it is between two atoms that are both very strong electron acceptors c. the two atoms sharing electrons are of the same element d. one of the atoms sharing electrons is much more electronegative
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Atoms having equal or nearly equal electronegativities are expected to form covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, nonpolar covalent bonds, or ionic bonds.
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The electronegativity difference between $\mathrm{N}$ and $\mathrm{F}$ is greater than that between $\mathrm{N}$ and $\mathrm{H}$ yet, the dipole moment of $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ (1.5 $\left.\mathrm{D}\right)$ is larger than that of $\mathrm{NF}_{3}(0.2 \mathrm{D}) .$ This is because (a) in $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ as well as $\mathrm{NT}_{3}$ the atomic dipole and bond dipole are in opprsite directions. (b) in $\mathrm{NH}_{3}$ the atomic dipole and bond dipole are in the opposite directions whereas in $\mathrm{NT}_{3}$ these are int the same direction. (c) in $\mathrm{N} 11_{5}$ as well as in $\mathrm{NF}_{3}$ the atomic dipole and bond dipole are in same dircction. (d) in $\mathrm{N} 1 \mathrm{I}_{3}$ the aromic dipole and bond dipole and in rhe same direcrion whercas in $\mathrm{NF}_{5}$ rhese are in opposire directions.
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