2. (10 point) Law of Wall/Backward Facing Step In the backward facing flow(Driver's case) with \( \operatorname{Re}=10,000 \) with a channel step height of \( H=2.54 \mathrm{~cm} \). The fluid has a viscosity of \( v=1.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{s} \). The skin friction coefficient at a location, \( x=a \), beyond the reattachment point is Calculate the following: \[ C_{f}=3.6 \times 10^{-3} \] (1) (5 pts) The \( \mathrm{y}+ \) value at physical locations of \( \mathrm{A}(\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{y})=\mathrm{A}(a, 0.5 \mathrm{H}) \) and \( \mathrm{B}(\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{y})=\mathrm{B}(a, \mathrm{H}) \). What turbulence regions of these two points are located in? (2) \( (4 \mathrm{pts}) \) The velocities at these points according to Law of Wall, \( u^{+}(A)= \) ? and \( u^{+}(B)= \) ? (3) ( \( 1 \mathrm{pt} \) ) Can you apply Law of Wall to positions \( x< \) reattachment point?
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The velocity field for a plane source located distance $h=1 \mathrm{m}$ above an infinite wall aligned along the $x$ axis is given by \[ \begin{aligned} \vec{V} &=\frac{q}{2 \pi\left[x^{2}+(y-h)^{2}\right]}[x \hat{i}+(y-h) \hat{j}] \\ &+\frac{q}{2 \pi\left[x^{2}+(y+h)^{2}\right]}[x \hat{i}+(y+h) \hat{j}] \end{aligned} \] where $q=2 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{s} / \mathrm{m} .$ The fluid density is $1000 \mathrm{kg} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$ and body forces are negligible. Derive expressions for the velocity and acceleration of a fluid particle that moves along the wall, and plot from $x=0$ to $x=+10 h .$ Verify that the velocity and acceleration normal to the wall are zero. Plot the pressure gradient $\partial p / \partial x$ along the wall. Is the pressure gradient along the wall adverse (does it oppose fluid motion) or not?
$ \mathrm{An}$ incompressible fluid flows steadily in the entrance region of a two-dimensional channel of height $2 h=100 \mathrm{mm}$ and width $w=25 \mathrm{mm}$. The flow rate is $Q=0.025 \mathrm{m}^{3} / \mathrm{s}$. Find the uniform velocity $U_{1}$ at the entrance. The velocity distribution at a section downstream is \[ \frac{u}{u_{\max }}=1-\left(\frac{y}{h}\right)^{2} \] Evaluate the maximum velocity at the downstream section. Calculate the pressure drop that would exist in the channel if viscous friction at the walls could be neglected.
Iaufer [5] measured the following data for mean velocity near the wall in fully developed turbulent pipe flow at $R e_{U}=50,000(U=9.8 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{s} \text { and } R=4.86 \mathrm{in.})$ in air: $$\begin{aligned} &\begin{array}{llllllll} \bar{u} / U & 0.343 & 0.318 & 0.300 & 0.264 & 0.228 & 0.221 & 0.179 & 0.152 & 0.140 \end{array}\\ &y / R \quad 0.00820 .00750 .00710 .00610 .00550 .00510 .00410 .00340 .0030 \end{aligned}$$ Plot the data and obtain the best-fit slope, $d \bar{u} / d y$. Use this to estimate the wall shear stress from $\tau_{w}=\mu d u / d y,$ Compare this value to that obtained using the friction factor $f$ computed using (a) the Colebrook formula (Fa 8.37 ), and (b) the Blasius correlation (Eq. 8.38 ).
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