The sample variance, denoted as $S'^2$, is calculated as:
$$S'^2 = \frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i - \bar{x})^2$$
where $n$ is the sample size, $x_i$ are the individual data points, and $\bar{x}$ is the sample mean. The sample standard deviation, denoted as $S$,
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