41 1 point What is a potential complication of tobacco use during pregnancy that can result in the fertilized egg implanting itself outside of the uterus? placenta previa placenta abruption preterm delivery ectopic pregnancy
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Teratogens are chemicals that pass through the placenta's screen and may harm an embryo or fetus. Which of the following is NOT a teratogen? a. Oxygen b. Heroin c. Alcohol d. Nicotine
Is smoking during pregnancy associated with more premature births? To investigate this question, researchers decide to examine pregnancy length (this is the variable.) They select a random sample of 114 pregnant women who were smokers. The average pregnancy length for this sample of smokers was 260 days. From a large body of research, it is known that length of human pregnancy has a standard deviation of 16 days. The researchers assume that smoking does not affect the variability in pregnancy length.
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Precise quantification of smoking during pregnancy is difficult in retrospective studies. Routinely collected blood specimens from newborns for screening purposes may provide a lowcost method to objectively measure maternal smoking close to the time of delivery. Serum cotinine is an important biomarker of recent smoking. A study was performed comparing cotinine levels in dried blood spots in newborns with those in umbilical cord blood (the gold standard) among 428 newborns in the California Genetic Screening Program (Yang et al. [11]). The lowest detection limit for dried blood spot cotinine was $3.1 \mathrm{ng} / \mathrm{mL}$. The data in Table 3.9 were presented relating dried blood spot cotinine determinations to umbilical cord blood cotinine determinations.Suppose a cutoff of $\geq 5 \mathrm{ng} / \mathrm{mL}$ is proposed as a criterion for testing positive based on dried blood spot cotinine levels.What is the sensitivity using this cut-point?
Sri K.
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