5.5 If we are faced with an outbreak and would like to gather evidence quickly, after the initial assessment, we would probably want to do:
A case-control study.
A cohort study.
Survival analysis.
Multivariable analysis.
5.6 An initial screening test for a rare condition should have:
High specificity.
Low sensitivity.
Perfect concordance with the confirmatory test.
A mediocre kappa value.
5.7 If a test, when repeated several times, gives widely varying answers, it is:
Inaccurate.
Insensitive.
Nonspecific.
Imprecise.
5.8 An epidemiologist wants to ensure that results found in a particular group of participants would also be true for other participants in other places. If a study can do this, we can say that the study has a high level of:
Validity.
Generalizability.
Reliability.
Threat.
5.9 Which is not one of the criteria for confounding?
A confounder must be associated with both the risk factor and the outcome.
A confounder can be an intermediary step in a causal pathway from exposure to outcome.
The confounder must be distributed unequally among the groups being compared.
All of the above.
5.10 In principle, a randomized controlled trial:
Eliminates extraneous differences in the populations being compared, so that the effect of the exposure of interest can be assessed.
Is the only type of study that is worth doing?
Should never be attempted at home alone.
Is a cheap, quick way of getting an answer.
5.11 The risk ratio is one risk divided by another. Attributable risk is based on:
The sum of risks.
The difference of risks.
The qualitative comparison of risks.
The exponentiation of risks.
5.12 Qualitative methods usually produce data in the form of:
Graphs.
Figures.
Narratives.
Tables.
5.13 A study examined whether patients who had a stroke are engaged in multiple activities that improve their health. All interviews were open-ended questions, audio-recorded, and transcribed verbatim.
a) These data are qualitative.
b) The data are quantitative.
c) These data can be characterized as mixed methods.
