A researcher is interested in determining whether fear of crime among MSU students differs by gender. Based on this topic, which of the following concepts would not be appropriate to use as a variable in this project:
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Identify all variables in these research situations and classify them by their level of measurement. Which variables are independent and which are dependent? a. A researcher is wondering about racial preferences in dating among college students and asks a large sample of undergraduates about their own racial self-identification, gender, and age, and to rank some racial-ethnic categories (stated as: white, black, Latino, Asian) in terms of desirability as potential dates. b. For adolescents, is one's level of sexual activity related to academic success in high school? A sample of teenagers was interviewed about the number of different romantic relationships they have had, the number of times they have had sexual intercourse, and their high school GPA. c. Several hundred voting precincts across the nation have been classified in terms of the percentage of minority voters and voting turnout as well as percentage of local elected officials who are members of minority groups. Do precincts with higher percentages of minority voters have lower turnout? Do precincts with higher percentages of minority representation among local elected officials have higher turnout? d. As nations become more affluent (as measured by per capita income), does the percentage of children enrolled in school increase? Is this relationship different for boys and girls? e. Does the level of support for gun control vary by level of education? Does this relationship vary by gender, region of the country, or political party preference? Support for gun control was measured by a five-point scale that ranged from "strongly in favor" to "strongly opposed."
Madhur L.
Identify all variables in the research situations listed below and classify them by their level of measurement. Which variables are independent and which are dependent? a. A researcher is wondering about racial preferences in dating among college students and asks a large sample of undergraduates about their own racial self-identification. She then asks the respondents to rank some racial-ethnic categories (stated as white, black, Latino, Asian) in terms of desirability as potential dates. b. For high school students, does GPA affect sexual activity? A sample has been interviewed about the number of different romantic relationships they have had, the number of times they have had sexual intercourse, and their high school grade-point average. c. Several hundred voting precincts across the nation have been classified in terms of percentage of $\mathrm{mi}-$ nority voters, voting turnout, and percentage of local elected officials who are members of minority groups. Do precincts with higher percentages of minority voters have lower turnout? Do precincts with higher percentages of minority elected officials have higher turnout? d. As nations become more affluent (as measured by per capita income), does the percentage of children enrolled in school increase? Is this relationship different for boys and girls? e. Does the level of support for gun control vary by number of years of schooling? Does this relationship vary by gender, region of the country, or political party preference? Support for gun control was measured by a five-point scale that ranged from "strongly in favor" to "strongly opposed."
Fear of crime The elderly fear crime more than younger people, even though they are less likely to be victims of crime. One study recruited separate random samples of 56 black women and 63 black men over the age of 65 from Atlantic City, New Jersey. Of the women, 27 said they "felt vulnerable" to crime; 46 of the men said this. ${ }^{12}$ (a) Construct and interpret a $90 \%$ confidence interval for the difference in the true proportions of black women and black men in Atlantic City who would say they felt vulnerable to crime. (b) Does your interval from part (a) give convincing evidence of a difference between the population proportions? Explain.
Comparing Two Populations or Groups
Comparing Two Proportions
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