A.J. is 9 years old and fractured his arm playing in the backyard. His doctors refer him to a psychologist because his recovery is moving along much slower than expected. The psychologist notices that his parents are inadvertently reinforcing some of the child's behaviors, enabling him to avoid challenging activities that would promote recovery. She recommends that the parents ignore the pain-related behaviors and instead reinforce the coping strategies. The psychologist is promoting the principles of
a. specificity theory.
b. gate-control theory.
c. operant conditioning
d. classical conditioning.