\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|} \hline & \( \begin{array}{c}\text { Voltmeter } \\ \text { reading } \\ V_{4}\end{array} \) & \( \begin{array}{c}\text { Voltmeter } \\ \text { reading } \\ V_{1}\end{array} \) & \( \begin{array}{c}\text { Voltmeter } \\ \text { reading } \\ V_{2}\end{array} \) & \( \begin{array}{c}\text { Voltmeter } \\ \text { reading } \\ V_{3}\end{array} \) & \( \begin{array}{c}\text { Ammeter } \\ \text { reading } \\ A_{1}\end{array} \) & \( \begin{array}{c}\text { Ammeter } \\ \text { reading }\end{array} \) \\ \hline Trial 1 & 27 & 13,5 & 13,5 & 27 & 1,35 & 1,35 \\ \hline Trial 2 & 27 & 12,5 & 13,5 & 27 & 1,35 & 1,35 \\ \hline \end{tabular} (5) INTERPRETATION/CONCLUSION 1. For this investigation, write down the: 1.1 Investigative question What is the relationship between the potential differences acioss two resistors in selies with the sum of the potential differences across each(2) of the 1.2 typothesis 1 istor 1.2 Hypothesis voltmeter readings and ammeter readings ale olmost the same 2. How does the ammeter readings compare? What conclusion can be drawn regarding the current in a series circuit from these readings? \( (5) \) 3. How do the voltmeter readings compare? What conclusion can be drawn from these readings? (2) 4. Calculate the amount of charge that passes through ONE of the resistors in 3 minutes. (3)
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The above circuit contains a battery of voltage V and three resistors with resistances $R_{1}, R_{2},$ and $R_{3}$, respectively. As part of an experiment, a student has been given two measuring devices: a voltmeter and an ammeter. The first can be used to measure the changes in voltage of a circuit. The second can be used to measure the current flowing through a particular segment of wire. For answering the questions below, a voltmeter and ammeter look like IMAGE IS NOT AVAILABLE TO COPY (a) In terms of the known variables, what is the voltage lost in passing through the first resistor? (b) Draw a diagram showing how you would integrate the voltmeter to measure the voltage lost in the resistor labeled $R_{1}$. Explain the reasoning behind your decision. (c) Draw a diagram showing how you would integrate the ammeter to measure the current passing through the resistor labeled $R_{1}$. Explain the reasoning behind your decision. (d) What would be the ideal resistances for each device to have? Explain why each would be ideal for that device.
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Section 2
An ideal voltmeter connected across a certain fresh 9-V battery reads 9.30 V, and an ideal ammeter briefly connected across the same battery reads 3.70 A. We say the battery has an open-circuit voltage of 9.30 V and a short-circuit current of 3.70 A. Model the battery as a source of emf e in series with an internal resistance r as in Active Figure 28.1a. Determine both (a) e and (b) r. An experimenter connects two of these identical batteries together as shown in Figure P28.68. Find (c) the open-circuit voltage and (d) the short-circuit current of the pair of connected batteries. (e) The experimenter connects a 12.0-V resistor between the exposed terminals of the connected batteries. Find the current in the resistor. (f) Find the power delivered to the resistor. (g) The experimenter connects a
(a) A voltmeter and an ammeter can be connected as shown in Fig. $19-71 \mathrm{a}$ to measure a resistance $R .$ If $V$ is the voltmeter reading, and $I$ is the ammeter reading, the value of $R$ will not quite be $V / I$ (as in Ohm's law) because some of the current actually goes through the voltmeter. Show that the actual value of $R$ is given by $$\frac{1}{R}=\frac{I}{V}-\frac{1}{R_{\mathrm{v}}}$$ where $R_{\mathrm{V}}$ is the voltmeter resistance. Note that $R \approx V / I$ if $R_{\mathrm{V}} \gg R .$ (b) A voltmeter and an ammeter can also be connected as shown in Fig. $19-71 \mathrm{b}$ to measure a resistance $R .$ Show in this case that $$R=\frac{V}{I}-R_{\mathrm{A}}$$ where $V$ and $I$ are the voltmeter and ammeter readings and $R_{\mathrm{A}}$ is the resistance of the ammeter. Note that $R \approx V / I$ if $R_{\mathrm{A}} \ll R .$
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