00:01
Before we start answering the items, it's important to understand the graph and what the different ph values represent.
00:12
So the 2 .34 is the pca of the carboxylic acid group, and the 9 .60 is the pca of the carbonic acid group.
00:38
So if we understand those two points, it will help in answering the other questions.
00:51
Because when the ph is below the pca, a group is protonated, and if the ph is above the pca, the group is unprotonated.
01:02
So item a, glycine is present predominantly as the species, where both the ammonium group and the carboxyl group are protonated.
01:15
That's going to be when the ph is lower than 2 .34.
01:20
So that's going to be roman numeral 1.
01:26
B, the average net charge of glycine is plus 1 half.
01:34
That would mean that there's 50 % of the mixture is glycine with a positive charge and 50 % is glycine.
01:46
And 50 % is glycine.
01:48
With a neutral charge.
01:52
So that means the ammonium group will be protonated, and then 50 % of the carboxyolic acid will be protonated, 50 % will be unprotonated.
02:17
And so that's going to be the case at roman numeral 2, because at the pca, the unprotonated form, of the group, concentration of the unpronated form equals the concentration of the protonated form.
02:36
C, half of the amino groups are ionized.
02:48
So again, we're looking at where half are ionized, half are not ionized.
02:56
So that's going to be at the pk of the ammonium group, which is 9 .6.
03:05
So that's going to be roman numeral 4.
03:10
And then when the ph is equal to the pca of the carboxyl group, they already established that's roman numeral 2.
03:25
Then the ph is equal to the protonated form of the ammonium group or equal to the pca of the protonated amino group.
03:39
So that's going to be the other half -equivalence point of roman numeral 4.
03:51
So f glycine has its maximum buffering capacity.
03:58
A buffer resists change in the ph.
04:03
So the maximum buffering capacity is going to be where the ph changes the least in response to changes in the hydroxide concentration.
04:20
So those are called the buffer regions, and those are the plateaus in the, titration curve.
04:28
So that's going to be roman numerals 2 and 4...