Now, let's define the sample means $\bar{X}$ and $\bar{Y}$, and the sample covariance $S_{xy}$ and variance $S_{xx}$ as follows:
$$
\bar{X} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n X_i, \quad \bar{Y} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n Y_i
$$
$$
S_{xy} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n (X_i
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