Correlation of 0.82 between the number of cigarettes smoked and the incidence of lung cancer. Knowing that there is a high probability that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer. There may be a third variable related to cigarette smoking that causes lung cancer. None of the above.
Added by Adrian C.
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82 between the number of cigarettes smoked and the incidence of lung cancer. This means that as the number of cigarettes smoked increases, the incidence of lung cancer also tends to increase. Show more…
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Smoking causes lung cancer. Which of the following is necessary to establish causality for the above claim? a.) Look for cases where correlation between smoking and lung cancer remains while other variables vary. b.) Not considering other possible causes of lung cancer. c.) Keep all variables the same to get duplicate results. d.) Use only an observational study to show that smoking causes lung cancer.
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The research hypothesis on the effect of smoking on lung cancer is stated below: Smokers have higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers. The independent variable is SMOKING (smoker versus nonsmoker) and LUNG CANCER (lung cancer present versus lung cancer absent) is the dependent variable. The corresponding null hypothesis is: a. Smokers have lower risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers. b. Smokers have the same risk of lung cancer as nonsmokers. c. Smokers have much higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers.
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In an average year during $1995-1999$, smoking caused $442,398$ deaths in the United States. Of these deaths, cardiovascular disease accounted for $148,605$ cancer for $155,761,$ and respiratory diseases such as emphysema for $98,007$ (a) Find the probability that a smoking-related death was the result of either cardiovascular disease or cancer. (b) Determine the probability that a smoking-related death was not the result of respiratory diseases.
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