Dr. Barrera is interested in whether men experience more anxiety when having to give a public speech than women. In his study, he decides to measure people’s anxiety levels by tracking their heart rate during the task. He also gives them a questionnaire after the task which asks about their general level of confidence, with some questions about anxiety embedded in the questionnaire so that participants are not aware of the main purpose of the questionnaire. Ten women and ten men from psychology classes are recruited to participate in the study. The participants are told that they will be given some reading materials about the current state of politics and will be asked to give a speech about this topic to a room full of 80 people in exactly one hour. Each participant is given the reading materials while the experimenter attaches a sensor to their wrist to measure their heartrate. Ten minutes prior to the scheduled time of the speech, the experimenter removes the reading materials about politics and asks the participants to fill out the level of confidence questionnaire. Their heartrate is also taken at this time. Once participants finish the level of confidence questionnaire, they are debriefed about the study and told they will not have to give a speech after all. Dr. Barrera predicts that men will have higher scores on the anxiety questions as well as a faster heart rate then women.
QUESTION:
Imagine that Dr. Barrera gives instructions for the task in a slightly different way to the men and women so that the men are given the impression that they are giving the speech to a bunch of experts while the women are not given this impression. Which source of bias has Dr. Barrera introduced?
A.
Regression towards the Mean
B.
Experimenter Bias
C.
Order effects
D.
Testing effects