In a visualization experiment by Carmichael, Hogan, & Walters (1932), participants were shown an ambiguous form that could be interpreted in more than one way. Half the participants were told, "Here is a picture of an hourglass." The other participants were told, "Here is a picture of a table." Sometime later, participants were asked to draw the exact form they had seen earlier. Their findings indicated that: participants' visual memories were distinct from their verbal memories, so participants were uninfluenced by the labels. participants' drawings were biased in a fashion that reflected the labels that they had been given earlier. participants were able to remember only the labels, not the drawings. the labels had called attention to the ambiguity of the figures, leading to improved memory accuracy.
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