It has recently been discovered that a small number of people have a genetic mutation that gives them latent superpowers, known as the alpha-gene. A laboratory test has been created to help identify people with the alpha-gene, which returns either "positive" (indicating the subject has the alpha-gene) or "negative" (indicating the subject does not have the alpha-gene). The test returns a "true positive" result for 95% of people who do in fact have the alpha-gene. However, the test also returns a "false positive" result for 1% of people who do not have the alpha-gene. Anyone who is suspected of having the alpha-gene must take the test exactly twice. (a) What is the probability that a person who does not have the alpha-gene receives at least one positive result out of their two tests? 0.0199 (b) Many people on the island of Genosha have taken the test twice. It is discovered that 6% of these people received a positive result for both tests. Based on this information, what proportion of people from the island actually have the alpha-gene? (-1.88+sqrt(1.88^2-4*9.4^2*( (c) Chloe lives on Genosha. They took the test twice and received different results. What is the probability that Chloe does not have the alpha-gene?
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Six mutant strains (#1-6) of Drosophila have been identified that have shorter wings than wild type. Two sets of experiments are performed with the mutant strains. All strains used are true-breeding. Here is data from the second experiment. Choose a statement that describes experiment #2 most accurately. Experiment #2: the strains are crossed to each other and the F1 examined This is a set of complementation tests which will tell you how many different genes are mutated in this set of short-winged mutants. It will also tell you whether the genes are linked or unlinked. This is a set of complementation tests which will tell you how many different genes in Drosophila can be mutated to produce a short-wing phenotype This is a set of complementation tests which will tell you how many different genes are mutated in this set of short-winged mutants. It will also tell you which strains have mutations in the same gene. None of these statements accurately describes what you can determine from this set of crosses. This is a set of complementation tests which will tell you which of the genes are linked
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Early genetic studies in Drosophila laid the foundation for our current understanding of genes. Drosophila geneticists were able to generate mutant flies with a variety of easily observable phenotypic changes. Alterations from the fly's normal brick-red eye color have a venerable history because the very first mutant found by Thomas Hunt Morgan was a white-eyed fly (Figure $Q 19-17$ ). since that time, a large number of mutant flies with intermediate eye colors have been isolated and given names that challenge your color sense: garnet, ruby, vermilion, cherry, coral, apricot, buff, and carnation. The mutations responsible for these eyecolor phenotypes are all recessive. To determine whether the mutations affected the same or different genes, homozygous flies for each mutation were bred to one another in pairs and the eye colors of their progeny were noted. In Table $Q 19-17$, a $+$ or a - indicates the phenotype of the progeny flies produced by mating the fly listed at the top of the column with the fly listed to the left of the row; brick-red wild-type eyes are shown as $+$ and other colors are indicated as - . A. How is it that flies with two different eye colors-ruby and white, for example-can give rise to progeny that all have brick-red eyes? B. Which mutations are alleles of the same gene and which affect different genes? C. How can different alleles of the same gene give different eye colors?
Suppose that a geneticist discovers a new mutation in Drosophila melanogaster that causes the flies to shake and quiver. She calls this mutation quiver, qu, and determines that it is due to an autosomal recessive gene. She wants to determine whether the gene encoding quiver is linked to the recessive gene for vestigial wings, vg. She crosses a fly homozygous for quiver and vestigial traits with a fly homozygous for the wild-type traits, and then uses the resulting F1 females in a testcross. She obtains the flies from this testcross. Phenotype | Number of flies vg+ qu+ | 230 vg qu | 224 vg qu+ | 97 vg+ qu | 99 Test the hypothesis that the genes quiver and vestigial assort independently by calculating the chi-squared, X^2, for this hypothesis. Provide the X^2 to one decimal place. X^2 = Does the X^2 value support the hypothesis that the quiver and vestigial genes assort independently? Why or why not? Use the partial table of critical values for X^2 calculations to test this hypothesis. No, the X^2 = value indicates that the observed progeny are significantly different from what would be expected with independent assortment of the two genes. No, the X^2 = value indicates that there are too many phenotypes for independent assortment. Yes, the X^2 = value indicates that the genes vestigial and quiver assort independently. Yes, the X^2 = value indicates that the observed and expected number of progeny are equal in number.
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