Let A = [aij] be a square matrix.
a. If A has a zero row (column), then det(A) = 0.
b. If B is obtained by interchanging two rows (columns) of A, then det(B) = -det(A).
c. If A has two identical rows (columns), then det(A) = 0.
d. If B is obtained by multiplying a row (column) of A by k, then det B = k det(A).
e. If A, B, and C are identical except that the ith row (column) of C is the sum of the ith rows (columns) of A and B, then det(C) = det(A) + det(B).
f. If B is obtained by adding a multiple of one row (column) of A to another row (column), then det(B) = det(A).
Evaluate the given determinant using elementary row and/or column operations and the theorem above to reduce the matrix to row echelon form.