Let’s pretend that I am working for an advertising firm and I want to know if there is an association between liking “Bachelor in Paradise” and liking marijuana. (A marijuana dispensary wants to know if it is worth spending money on ad time during that show.) I ask seven people the following two questions, which they answer on a 1 (strongly dislike) to 7 (strongly like) scale: A) How much do you like the television show “Bachelor in Paradise”? B) How much do you enjoy smoking marijuana? Here were the responses for all seven people. (Obviously, an actual survey would want to ask far more than seven people, but this is a conceptual exercise.) P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 Bachelor in Paradise 1 5 5 4 6 4 5 Smoking marijuana 3 5 2 7 7 2 6 Here is the formula: