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Activity B Formation of a Copper Complex Ion An equilibrium system can be formed in a solution of copper(II) ions and ammonia. A copper-ammonia complex ion forms when the amount of ammonia in solution reaches a high enough concentration. Please note that ammonia (NH3) is provided in the form of a concentrated solution in water, which is usually referred to as ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). These two names are interchangeable. The reaction of copper(II) ions with this solution should be written for convenience as Cu2+ + NH3. Materials: Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, 14.8 M, 2 mL Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, 0.2 M, 5 mL Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 1 M, 1 mL Water, distilled Graduated cylinder, 10-mL Pipets, Beral-type, graduated, 2x Stirring rod Test tube and test tube rack Initial Conditions: Add approximately 5 mL of 0.2 M CuSO4 to a test tube. In the fume hood, add the concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution dropwise. Reaction(s): | Procedure | Observations | Explanation | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Ammonium hydroxide | Murky blue | | | HCl | Clear blue | |

          Activity B Formation of a Copper Complex Ion
An equilibrium system can be formed in a solution of copper(II) ions and ammonia. A copper-ammonia complex ion forms when the amount of ammonia in solution reaches a high enough concentration. Please note that ammonia (NH3) is provided in the form of a concentrated solution in water, which is usually referred to as ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). These two names are interchangeable. The reaction of copper(II) ions with this solution should be written for convenience as Cu2+ + NH3.

Materials:
Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, 14.8 M, 2 mL
Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, 0.2 M, 5 mL
Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 1 M, 1 mL
Water, distilled
Graduated cylinder, 10-mL
Pipets, Beral-type, graduated, 2x
Stirring rod
Test tube and test tube rack

Initial Conditions: Add approximately 5 mL of 0.2 M CuSO4 to a test tube. In the fume hood, add the concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution dropwise.

Reaction(s):

| Procedure | Observations | Explanation |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Ammonium hydroxide | Murky blue | |
| HCl | Clear blue | |

Activity B Formation of a Copper Complex Ion
An equilibrium system can be formed in a solution of copper(II) ions and ammonia. A copper-ammonia complex ion forms when the amount of ammonia in solution reaches a high enough concentration. Please note that ammonia (NH3) is provided in the form of a concentrated solution in water, which is usually referred to as ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). These two names are interchangeable. The reaction of copper(II) ions with this solution should be written for convenience as Cu2+ + NH3.

Materials:
Ammonium hydroxide, NH4OH, 14.8 M, 2 mL
Copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, 0.2 M, 5 mL
Hydrochloric acid, HCl, 1 M, 1 mL
Water, distilled
Graduated cylinder, 10-mL
Pipets, Beral-type, graduated, 2x
Stirring rod
Test tube and test tube rack

Initial Conditions: Add approximately 5 mL of 0.2 M CuSO4 to a test tube. In the fume hood, add the concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution dropwise.

Reaction(s):

| Procedure | Observations | Explanation |
| :— | :— | :— |
| Ammonium hydroxide | Murky blue | |
| HCl | Clear blue | |

Added by Althea L.

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