Nurse Shamma is working in a busy surgical ward and is responsible for caring for several post-operative patients. One of his patients, Mr. Salem, is a 75-year-old surgical patient who has recently undergone lumbar laminectomy. The post-operative orders include regular monitoring of vital signs (q 2 hrs), regular pain assessments, and administration of anticoagulant therapy (i.e. Heparin SC every 4 hours) to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT). During a particularly very busy shift, Nurse Shamma is overwhelmed with multiple tasks and delayes administering Mr. Salem's anticoagulant medication. Additionally, due to the workload, Nurse Shamma does not conduct the required pain assessment or monitor Mr. Salems’ vital signs as frequently as ordered. Later that evening, Mr. Salem experiences severe chest pain, dyspnea, tachycardia, and is diagnosed with a massive pulmonary embolism (PE), a potentially life-threatening condition that could have been prevented with timely administration of the anticoagulant. Mr. Salem’s family is angry and questions whether the nursing care provided was adequate. They are considering legal action against Nurse Shamma and the hospital. 1.Using the ethical decision-making framework, evaluate Nurse Shamma's actions in Mr. Salem's case, considering ethical principles applied to the case. How could Nurse Shamma have mitigated risks and upheld the standard of care?