Q) Characterize the following data analyses as a query, pattern discovery, or causal inference.
A. The correlation between sales and price is 0.21.
B. The rate at which men aged 20-29 made a purchase is 0.04.
C. A 10% increase in prime advertising will increase sales by 3%.
D. Sonya Barber and Wesley Santiago both have incomes that are at least $1,000,000 more than anyone else's.
E. Moving across the country before age 30 is associated with having a college education.
Q) Characterize the following predictions as passive or active predictions.
Tom predicts his body weight next month after changing to a whole grains only diet this month.
Ann predicts sales for her product next week based on the number of visits to her website in the past five days.
Laura predicts Twitter traffic for her company over the next 10 days after launching a new advertising campaign last week.
Alex predicts total revenues at Macy's next month using information on Macy's credit card purchasing last week.
John predicts the winner of a local election based on answers to a recent survey even by local voters.
Q) Classify the following arguments as examples of deductive or inductive reasoning:
Most of the northern Europeans whom I have met were tall. Therefore, I believe northern Europeans tend to be tall in general.
If overeating causes weight gain, then I will weigh more after binge-eating on a cruise.
The statement "All dogs go to heaven" implies my dog will go to heaven.
Last year, firms in my business sector grew by 40% on average. Therefore, I believe the mean growth for this sector, in general, is 40%.
Q) The sample mean and sample standard deviation are estimators. What are they estimators for?
Q) Explain what it means to be an unbiased estimator in both formal and informal terms.