Schizophrenia is an extremely debilitating mental illness that causes individuals to lose touch with reality. Symptoms of Schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms (I.e., diminished emotion expression or avolition) (Maddux & Winstead, 2025). To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, There must be at least two of five characteristic symptoms present, with at least one symptom being either delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech (Maddux & Winstead, 2025, pg. 490). In addition to this, there must be significant social/occupational dysfunction or clinically significant distress associated with these symptoms for at least 6 months, ruling out other disorders like bipolar or major depressive disorder.
Substance abuse is the chronic and excessive use of a substance. Our book states that addiction is defined in 3 primary components: preoccupation, compulsion, and relapse
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