- The resistance \( R \) of a wire is given by \( R = \rho \frac{L}{A} \), where \( \rho \) is the resistivity, \( L \) is the length, and \( A \) is the cross-sectional area.
- The cross-sectional area \( A \) of a wire with diameter \( d \) is \( A = \pi
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