Problem 5.2.14: Frequency Modulation (FM) in Signals
In frequency modulation (FM) of signals, the instantaneous frequency of a modulating (message) signal varies the frequency of a carrier signal. The modulation index k describes the ratio of the maximum frequency deviation of the carrier to the maximum frequency deviation of the message signal. This means that large values of the modulation index require a larger bandwidth due to the existence of many sideband components.
The carrier and some sideband frequencies are suppressed as a function of k. Zeros of the Bessel functions, J(k), occur where the corresponding sidebands disappear for a given k. In other words, the carrier and sidebands nullify many times at certain values of k. The carrier (zeroth sideband) disappears when the Jo(k) plot equals zero, the first sideband disappears when the J1(k) equals zero, and the second sideband disappears when the J2(k) equals zero, and so on.
The composite FM spectrum for a single message frequency consists of lines at the carrier and sidebands, consisting of signals with opposite phases. Their Bessel function values determine the magnitudes of these lines at those frequencies. The FM spectrum can be obtained by the expansion of the time function in terms of the Bessel functions:
A{cos[wot + km(t)]} = A{Jo(k) cos Wot + J1(k) cos(wo + Wm)t - cos((o + Wm)t] + J2(k)[cos(wo + 2Wm)t + cos(wo - 2Wm)] + J3(k)[cos(wo + 3Wm)t + cos(wo - 3Wm)] + Ja(k)[cos(wo + 4Wm)t + cos(wo - 4Wm)] + Jn(k)[cos(wo + nWm)t + cos(wo - nWm)]
Here, m(t) is the message signal, and Wm is the highest angular frequency of m(t). The carrier signal is c(t) = cos(ot). When k > 1, Jn(k) ≈ 0 for n > k.
Let m(t) = 3cos(3t), c(t) = cos(30t). Write a MATLAB script that plots the FM signal in the time domain and computes its spectrum (Bessel_FMI.m).