1. Older people are more likely to engage in volunteer work but also less likely to have good health. However, engaging in volunteer work also has a positive effect on health. In this relationship, what concept best describes the variable "age"?
Group of answer choices
lagged
control
suppressor
confound
2. In sociology, suppression is ________.
Group of answer choices
more rare than confounding
equally likely as confounding
unheard of compared to confounding
more common than confounding
3. There is a wealth of research on the U.S. population showing that people with higher incomes have longer life expectancies. However, if we include gender in the model, the story can become more complicated because men have higher average incomes than women do, but have shorter average lives than women do. Here, we can see that gender could be a suppressor variable of the relationship between income and life expectancy because
Group of answer choices
we are not sure if health affects income or if income affects health.
being male is positively associated with income, but negatively related with life expectancy.
being female is still a disadvantage because it is associated with lower average income.
once gender is controlled, life expectancy becomes a lagged dependent variable.
4. A research team is testing whether mothers' mental health is predicted by their own ratings of their parenting quality, and finds that mothers who have a more positive perception of their parenting report fewer depressive symptoms. However, they also find that employed mothers have lower parenting ratings and lower reported depressive symptoms. In this example, mothers' employment is a possible ________ variable.
Group of answer choices
control
mediating
confounding
suppressor