Step 1: Identify the independent and dependent variables for each study in question 17. (a) Independent variable: Time (during finals week vs. rest of the semester) Dependent variable: Amount of pizza consumed (b) Independent variable: Breathing exercises Dependent variable: Blood pressure (c) Independent variable: Increased hormone levels Dependent variable: Sensitivity to pain (d) Independent variable: Amount of light in the room Dependent variable: Frequency of daydreaming Step 2: Determine whether a one- or two-tailed test should be used for each study. (a) Whether the amount of pizza consumed by college students during finals week increases relative to the amount consumed during the rest of the semester. - Two-tailed test should be used because we are comparing two conditions (during finals week vs. rest of the semester) and we don't have a specific direction of the effect. (b) Whether having participants do breathing exercises alters their blood pressure. - Two-tailed test should be used because we are examining whether there is any change in blood pressure, regardless of the direction of the effect. (c) Whether sensitivity to pain is affected if we increase participants' hormone levels. - Two-tailed test should be used because we are examining whether there is any effect on sensitivity to pain, regardless of the direction of the effect. (d) Whether frequency of daydreaming decreases when we increase the amount of light in the room. - One-tailed test should be used because we are specifically examining whether there is a decrease in daydreaming frequency. Step 3: Provide the H0 and Ha for each study assuming a one-sample experiment with a mean (m) of the dependent scores as 50 before changing the independent variable X. (a) H0: The amount of pizza consumed by college students during finals week is not significantly different from the amount consumed during the rest of the semester (m = 50). Ha: The amount of pizza consumed by college students during finals week is significantly different from the amount consumed during the rest of the semester. (b) H0: Breathing exercises do not significantly alter participants' blood pressure (m = 50). Ha: Breathing exercises significantly alter participants' blood pressure. (c) H0: Increasing participants' hormone levels does not significantly affect sensitivity to pain (m = 50). Ha: Increasing participants' hormone levels significantly affects sensitivity to pain. (d) H0: Increasing the amount of light in the room does not significantly decrease the frequency of daydreaming (m = 50). Ha: Increasing the amount of light in the room significantly decreases the frequency of daydreaming.
Added by Alberto R.
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rest of the semester) Dependent variable: Amount of pizza consumed (b) Independent variable: Breathing exercises Dependent variable: Blood pressure (c) Independent variable: Increased hormone levels Dependent variable: Sensitivity to pain (d) Show more…
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