The semi-empirical (Bethe-Weiszäcker) mass formula is a nuclear model that produces approximate values for the nuclear binding energy B(A,Z), as a function of the number of nucleons A and the number of protons Z:
B(A,Z) = a_v A - a_s A^{2/3} - a_c frac{Z(Z-1)}{A^{1/3}} - a_A frac{(N-Z)^2}{A} pm frac{δ}{sqrt{A}} (+c.c.).
For each term in the mass formula above, provide a qualitative physical interpretation, including the main features of their contribution to the total binding energy and the underlying hypotheses used in building the model. What are the main limitations of this model?