Dr. King's dream was that his children would one day live in a nation where they were not judged by the color of their skin. A quarter of a million Americans gathered at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington to listen to Dr. King speak. 6 Read these sentences from the text. "Dr. King spoke to a quarter of a million Americans gathered near the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. ... There he held up his dream for America like a bright banner: "I have a dream," he said, "that my four little children will one day live in a Nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin ..." What might the author mean by saying Dr. King "held up his dream for America like a bright banner"? A Dr. King shared his vision of a better future with his listeners. B Dr. King saluted the American flag during his speech. C Dr. King illustrated his dream and presented the picture to the crowd.
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You watched a TedTalk in this week's lab reading by Dr. Jablonski, a biological anthropologist and leading expert on human skin color variation. She talked about the connection between UV exposure and the essential nutrient folate (a B vitamin), which circulates throughout the body in the blood. A research paper from 1978 discussed how serum (blood) folate concentrations differed between two groups of light-skinned people exposed to different UV light. A figure from that paper is below (Fig. 2). Use Figure 2 to address question 2. Figure 2. Folate Levels in Two Groups of People. In one group ("patients"), 10 individuals were exposed to intense UV light for at least 30-60 minutes once or twice a week for three months. Sixty-four individuals not receiving this treatment ("normals") served as the control group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p < 0.005). Brackets represent the standard error of the mean, and "ng/mL" means "nanograms per milliliter." (Republished with permission of the American Assn for the Advancement of Science, from Skin color and nutrient photolysis: an evolutionary hypothesis, Branda, RF and Eaton, JW, 201:4356, 1978; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.). 2. What is the relationship between folate levels and UV exposure? 3. Low folate levels are linked to severe birth defects. Based on this information, write a hypothesis to explain the selective pressure of folate and UV exposure on the evolution of human skin color. Hint: Recall from your that melanin, the pigment that makes skin dark, is a "natural sunscreen" that blocks UV rays from going through the skin. What shade of skin would be most protective against folate deficiency, and in which environment would this shade be the most advantageous?
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In this class, American History since 1865, one of our main objectives is to understand the present as a product of history - in the case of this lecture, the foundations and evolutions of systemic racism in American society. The passage of the Reconstruction Amendments following the Civil War promised new freedoms and opportunities to African Americans. However, those amendments, as well as the progress of African Americans in the early phases of Reconstruction, were systematically circumvented and dismantled. Drawing on this unit's material, write a 250-350 word post considering the below questions in your response. Why were the specific freedoms granted by the three Reconstruction Amendments especially significant? What protections against discrimination do they not cover? (Hint: think about what grants citizens positions of power/success in this country.) What are several examples of how these freedoms were subverted in the Jim Crow system in the South? How did African Americans respond to and resist these oppressions? What is the significance of confronting this historical narrative today - BOTH oppressive measures and resistance measures?
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION Height, weight, eye color, skin color, and many other traits are affected by genes, gene regulation, and the environment. The genetic factors contributing to variation in these traits are often unclear and thus the subject of much research. Results from this research have improved our understanding of how traits are formed, related medical conditions, and human evolution. In this study, scientists investigated the genetic factors contributing to skin color differences, particularly within African populations. Prior to this study, research on the genetics of skin color included mostly people of European or Asian descent. The scientists collected DNA samples from 1,570 people of African descent and obtained more genetic data from other populations around the world. After comparing many DNA sequences, they identified four genomic regions that were significantly correlated with skin color differences. The most significant correlation between variation in skin color and variation in genetic sequence in Africans was at the SLC24A5 gene. This gene codes for a membrane transport protein that helps cells called melanocytes produce the pigment melanin. Melanin gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation from the sun. Although too much UV radiation can damage the skin, our bodies use exposure to small amounts of UV radiation to make vitamin D. This process is important for healthy bones, especially for people with diets low in vitamin D. Changing just one nucleotide in the SLC24A5 gene can change the way the protein functions. This type of genetic variation is called a singlenucleotide polymorphism, or SNP. In this study, the scientists examined one SNP of SLC24A5 that is strongly linked to skin color differences. The ancestral form of SLC24A5 for this SNP is a guanine (G) nucleotide. A new allele, or version, of SLC24A5 later arose in some groups of people due to a mutation that changed the guanine to adenine (A). This mutation disrupts the function of the protein coded by SLC24A5, which prevents melanocytes from producing as much melanin. Although both the ancestral (G) allele and derived (A) allele exist today, these alleles have different frequencies in different populations. Question: As a health professional, what advice would you give to a person with darker skin color living in a low UV area? What about a person with lighter skin color living in a high UV area?
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