The total dry biomass of ants and humans worldwide is The dry biomass of ants is more than 3 times that of humans The dry biomass of humans is more than 3 times but less than 5 times that of ants The dry biomass of humans is more than 10 times as high as that of ants Roughly the same A super colony of ants is A group of colonies of ants that are all closely related and where ants from one colony are not attacked by members of other colonies that may be as far as 100-1000 miles away. A very large colony of ants where the below ground colony structure can be as large as 1 acre A colony of ants that dominates all other ant colonies in the area, these "dominated" colonies are referred to as inferior colonies A colony of ants that are both fungus growers and have predaceous ants A colony of ants that is relatively young wand where the ants are still super active The sex of a Hymenopteran is determined as follows: Hymenopterans become females if they receive more food during their development Male hymenopterans come about following aggressive interactions in their larval stage The sex of a hymenopteran is determined by its location in the colony Females have two sets of chromosomes and males only one set of chromosomes Females are XX and males are XY
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Despite the voracious habits of army ants, multiple species of invertebrates have managed to penetrate and exploit their societies. For example, the silverfish Malayatelura ponerophila is an insect that lives only in colonies of the Southeast Asia army ant, Leptogenys distinguenda, where it steals food brought in by the ants. If detected, the silverfish becomes ant food, but how does it usually evade detection? Ants recognize other ants from their own colony with a chemical signature, a complex blend of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) on the surface of their exoskeleton. The silverfish have been observed rubbing up against the ants, and isotope-labeling studies indicate that ant CHCs are transferred to the silverfish this way. Does chemical mimicry contribute to ant tolerance of silverfish? In one of a series of experiments, von Beeren et al. (2011) collected individual silverfish from ant colonies and isolated them for six days, after which most of the acquired CHCs had evaporated. The aggressive behavior of the ants toward these silverfish was then compared with behavior toward control silverfish not isolated for six days. The data below measure ant aggression toward the silverfish on a scale from 0 to 1. Control: 0.04, 0.00, 0.22, 0.10, 0.11, 0.54. Isolated: 0.25, 1.00, 1.00, 0.42, 0.50, 1.00, 1.00, 1.00. b) Without transforming the data, apply an appropriate method to test whether the aggression index by ants toward silverfish was affected by isolation. Report the calculated value of the test statistic. Report the upper bound on the 95% CI for the standard deviation of the sloth measurements.
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According to a review by Helanterä et al., published in Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24: 341-349 (2009), gigantic "supercolonies" (multiple colonies acting as single colonies) of ants constitute the most extensive cooperative units in nature, sometimes forming networks of interconnected nests over hundreds of kilometers. One invasive species in California, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile), exhibits levels of genetic diversity consistent with the hypothesis that only a small number of these ants was introduced, so that they went through a genetic bottleneck. Write out Hamilton's Rule, defining the conditions under which altruism is favored between animals in groups. Define all terms. If the bottleneck hypothesis is correct, what are the likely levels of r across populations of L. humile in California? How might this explain the lack of aggression between worker ants from adjacent colonies?
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Imagine an elaborate ant farm with tunnels and passageways through the sand where ants live in a large community. Now imagine that an earthquake shook the ground and demolished the ant farm. In which of these two scenarios, before or after the earthquake, was the ant farm system in a state of higher or lower entropy? Why? a. The ant farm is in the state of high entropy after the earthquake and energy must be spent to bring the system to low entropy. b. The ant farm is in the state of lower entropy after the earthquake and energy must be spent to bring the system to high entropy. c. The ant farm is in the state of higher entropy before the earthquake and energy is given out of the system after the earthquake. d. The ant farm is in the state of lower entropy before the earthquake and energy is given out of the system after the earthquake.
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