Theorem 2.1 (Jordan Decomposition) Each symmetric matrix $A(p \times p)$ can be written as $A = \Gamma \Lambda \Gamma^T = \sum_{j=1}^{p} \lambda_j \gamma_j \gamma_j^T$ (2.18) where $\Lambda = diag(\lambda_1, ..., \lambda_p)$ and where $\Gamma = (\gamma_1, \gamma_2, ..., \gamma_p)$ is an orthogonal matrix consisting of the eigenvectors $\gamma_j$ of $A.$
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