Question

To what extent does learning more than one language facilitate early communication skills? Fan et al. (2015) examined this issue by recruiting students from the Chicago area who were monolingual, exposed to a second language but not fluent, or fully bilingual. All participants were asked to complete a language task in which they identified objects based on another person’s perspective. A table of the results is shown below: Monolingual Exposed Not Fluent Bilingual N 24 24 24 M 0.500 0.771 0.760 s 0.353 0.303 0.364 Reference: Fan, S. P., Liberman, Z., Keysar, B., & Kinzler, K. D. (2015). The exposure advantage: Early exposure to a multilingual environment promotes effective communication. Psychological Science, 26(7), 1090–1097. a. Is it reasonable to draw causal conclusions from this study? Why or why not? b. Is it reasonable to assume homogeneity of variance? Why or why not? What other assumptions would need to be considered before examining contrasts between the groups? c. Calculate sp using Equation 14.1. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet. d. Calculate df for comparisons in this study using Equation 14.2. Use ESCI’s Normal and t file to find the corresponding t95(df). e. To what extent did bilingual children do better on the language task than monolingual children? First, calculate the 95% MoE for this comparison using Equation 14.4, then find the 95% CI for the difference between the groups. Interpret the results f. To what extent did bilingual children do better on the language task than those who were exposed to a second language but not fluent? Will you need to recalculate the MoE? Why or why not? Find the CI, then interpret the results. g. Check your work using ESCI. How closely do the ESCI results come to those you calculated? h. It is also possible to compare monolingual children to those exposed to a second language but not fluent. And to compare the children with any second-language experience (exposed but not fluent and bilingual) to those without it (monolingual)—a subset contrast. However, what issue is it critical to be aware of before conducting additional comparisons?

          To what extent does learning more than one language facilitate
early communication skills? Fan et al. (2015) examined this issue
by recruiting students from the Chicago area who were monolingual,
exposed to a second language but not fluent, or fully bilingual.
All participants were asked to complete a language task in which
they identified objects based on another person’s perspective. A
table of the results is shown below:
     
Monolingual
     Exposed Not
Fluent
      Bilingual
N
24
24
24
M
0.500
0.771
0.760
s
0.353
0.303
0.364
Reference: Fan, S. P., Liberman, Z., Keysar, B.,
& Kinzler, K. D. (2015). The exposure advantage: Early
exposure to a multilingual environment promotes effective
communication. Psychological
Science, 26(7), 1090–1097.
a. Is it reasonable to draw causal conclusions from this
study? Why or why not?
b. Is it reasonable to assume homogeneity of variance? Why
or why not? What other assumptions would need to be considered
before examining contrasts between the groups?
c. Calculate sp using
Equation 14.1. It may be helpful to use a spreadsheet.
d. Calculate df for comparisons in this
study using Equation 14.2. Use ESCI’s Normal and
t file to find the
corresponding t95(df).
e. To what extent did bilingual children do better on the
language task than monolingual children? First, calculate the 95%
MoE for this comparison using Equation 14.4, then find the 95% CI
for the difference between the groups. Interpret the results
f. To what extent did bilingual children do better on the
language task than those who were exposed to a second language but
not fluent? Will you need to recalculate the MoE? Why or why not?
Find the CI, then interpret the results.
g. Check your work using ESCI. How closely do the ESCI
results come to those you calculated?
h. It is also possible to compare monolingual children to
those exposed to a second language but not fluent. And to compare
the children with any second-language experience (exposed but not
fluent and bilingual) to those without it (monolingual)—a subset
contrast. However, what issue is it critical to be aware of before
conducting additional comparisons?

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