A group of researchers investigated the effect of media usage (whether or not subjects watch television or use the Internet) in the bedroom on "Tiredness" during the day (measured on a 50-point scale).
1. To collect these data, the researchers randomly selected homes to visit and interviewed the adult member of the household whose birthday was nearest. Is this an experiment or an observational study?
2. Suppose that the researchers found that the individuals who use media in the bedroom tended to be more tired during the day than those who do not. Would it be appropriate for the researchers to conclude that using media in the bedroom causes tiredness during the day?
3. Association implies causation.
4. A sample of college age students shows an interesting association between hair length (in inches) and height (also in inches). On average, shorter students tend to have longer hair. What is a possible confounding variable that would help explain this relationship?