Eleven male and eight female eleven-year olds were asked to estimate the expected life span of an elephant (in years). Their estimates are shown in the two dotplots below. Male estimates of elephant life span 00000 20 40 60 80 100 Estimated life span (years) Female estimates of elephant life span 0000 20 40 60 80 100 Estimated life span (years) Choose the two options from the list below that are true. Select one or more: The median of the females' estimates is smaller than the median of the males' estimates. Three of the females' estimates were the same. The range of the females' estimates is less than the range of the males' estimates. The range of the females' estimates is greater than the range of the males' estimates. The ranges of the two datasets indicate there is more variation in the estimates of the females than in the estimates of the males. Overall, the males' estimates are larger than the females' estimates.
Added by Deborah J.
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Male and female populations of elephants under 80 years old are represented by age in the table below. Complete parts (a) through (d). (a) Approximate the population mean and standard deviation of age for males. (Round to two decimal places as needed.) Age 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 Males 9 16 13 20 22 24 18 14 Females 5 7 13 16 20 22 18 13
Pruthvi R.
Most African elephants have tusks, but typically about 6% of females in a population will never grow tusks. Adult males are very rarely found without tusks. However, in Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique, 50% of females over 20 years old are tuskless, and 33% of females between 10 and 20 years old are tuskless. 1. What are tusks and how does an elephant use them? 2. What happened in Mozambique between 1977 and 1992? How did this event affect the elephant population? 3. What percent of the females in the population greater than 20 years old were tuskless? What percent of the females between 10-20 years old were tuskless? Explain the reason for this difference. 4. What percent of the males in the population were tuskless? Why is there a difference of tusklessness between males and females? 5. Is tusklessness an inherited or an acquired trait? Would tuskless females tend to have tusked or tuskless offspring? Explain. Part II: Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection Listed below are four conditions of natural selection with a description of each. Using the trait of tusks vs. no tusks, provide evidence that the shift in frequency of the trait is a result of natural selection. (5 pts) Condition Description Evidence Variation Individuals in a population or group differ in some trait of interest. Inheritance The variation in the trait of interest is at least partially inherited (passed from parents to offspring). The variation stems from random mutations and accompanies sexual reproduction. The genetic variation may have arisen many generations in the past. Differential survival and reproduction More offspring are born than can survive, resulting in competition among individuals within a population. Some individuals with a particular trait are more likely to survive and/or have relatively more offspring compared to individuals that do not have that trait. Adaptation The frequency of the trait that helps individuals survive or leave more offspring will increase in the population over time, as will the frequency of the alleles that affect the trait. Part III: Current African Elephant Populations: Do your own research to determine how the African elephants are doing. What is the size of the population? What is their status? Are there any protections? etc. (5pts)
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24. In this sample matrix calculation of Darwin’s elephants, approximated with three age classes, 0–29, 30–59, and 60–89, what does the value 0.9 indicate? ( 0 2 1 ) ( 0.9 0 0 ) ← this row is new young female elephants, 0–29 ( 0 0.8 0 ) ← this is newly middle-age female elephants, 30–59 ← this is newly older female elephants, 60–89 ↑ This column is existing older female elephants ↑ This column is existing middle-age female elephants ↑ This column is existing young female elephants a. 90% of young elephants survive to become middle-age elephants. b. 90% of middle-age elephants survive to become old elephants. c. Young female elephants produce on average 0.9 female offspring over 30 years. d. Male elephants have an average of 1/0.9 = 1.1 mates over 30 years. 25. In Pinot et al. (2016), did density have a positive or negative effect on population growth? a. positive b. negative c. neither d. both
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