The electric force between two charged particles can be calculated using Coulomb's law:
\[ F_e = \frac{{k \cdot q_1 \cdot q_2}}{{r^2}} \]
where \( F_e \) is the electric force, \( k \) is the electrostatic constant (\( 8.99 \times 10^9 \, \text{N} \cdot
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