Like millions of others, Kian and Yegand are afraid of spiders. This common specific phobia likely relates to random genetic mutations. social scripts. social learning theory. our shared human genome.
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Human behavior is difficult to study for ethical reasons. One famous experiment attempted to determine if a fear of snakes was an innate or learned behavior in humans. Suggest a way that this question could be answered.
Adi S.
Epigenetic changes can be passed down from one generation to the next, effectively giving parents a way to prime their children for a specific environment. Epigenetics is enticing because it offers a resolution to the tedious, perennial debates of nurture versus nature. The key question is how it happens and in what context. To address the above question, researchers Dias and Ressler focused on the mouse olfactory system, the often studied and well-mapped brain circuits that process smell. The researchers made mice afraid of a fruity odor, called acetophenone, by pairing it with a mild shock to the foot. Mice trained to fear one particular smell show an increased startle odor but not others. Ten days after this fear training, Dias allowed the animals to mate. The offspring (known as F1 generation) showed an increased startle to the fruity smell even when they have never encountered the smell before, and thus have no obvious reason to be sensitive to it. And their reaction is specific: They do not startle to another odor called propanol. Even their offspring (known as F2 generation) show the same increased sensitivity to acetophenone. The scientists then looked at the F1 and F2 animals' brains. When the grandparent generation is trained to fear acetophenone, the F1 and F2 generations' noses end up with more "M71 neurons," which contain a receptor that detects acetophenone. Starting with a fruity odor, briefly propose a mechanism that could lead to an increase in the number of these specific neurons and how this could be passed on to the F1 and F2 generations.
Sri K.
The human genome is the basic genetic code, or blueprint, for the transfer of traits from parents to offspring through ā . Studying this code ā ways to partially correct genetic defects after birth. It is already clear that behavior is rarely controlled by ā . Rather, almost all behavior involves ā , and often specific ā factors influence how genes are expressed.
Lainey R.
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