W. E. B. Du Bois was in many ways a modernist for the following reasons except which one? Is it: He believed in science and in the scientific study of the situation confronting black Americans; for most of his life he believed in progress, especially for black Americans, even though that progress was being thwarted, largely by whites; he bought into socialism early in his career and toward the end of his life became a firm believer in communism, both as an ideology and in the way it was practiced in the Soviet Union and in China; his value-laden and single-minded focus on race puts him in accord with a range of radical new ideas in social theory that emerged in the late twentieth century; or his acceptance of the fate of black Americans?