What do you mean by peak flow meter results are <50% of child's baseline? What is the implication of intercostal retractions?
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The paper "Less Air Pollution Leads to Rapid Reduction of Airway Inflammation and Improved Airway Function in Asthmatic Children" (Pediatrics [2009]: $1051-1058$ ) describes a study in which children with mild asthma who live in a polluted urban environment were relocated to a less-polluted rural environment for 7 days. Various measures of respiratory function were recorded first in the urban environment and then again after 7 days in the rural environment. The accompanying graphs show the urban and rural values for three of these measures: nasal eosinophils (\%), exhaled FENO concentration (ppb), and peak expiratory flow (PEF, $\mathrm{L} / \mathrm{min}$ ). Urban and rural values for the same child are connected by a line. The authors of the paper used paired-samples $t$ tests to determine that there was a significant difference in the urban and rural means for each of these three measures. One of these tests resulted in a $P$ -value less than $0.001,$ one resulted in a $P$ -value between 0.001 and $0.01,$ and one resulted in a $P$ -value between 0.01 and 0.05 . a. Which measure (Eosinophils, FENO, or PEF) do you think resulted in a test with the $P$ -value that was less than 0.001 ? Explain your reasoning. b. Which measure (Fosinophils, FENO, or PEF) do you think resulted in the test with the largest $P$ -value? Explain your reasoning.
Asking and Answering Questions About the Difference Between Two Means
Learning About a Difference in Population Means Using Paired Samples
A patient visits his physician and discusses feelings of inability to breathe. The physician suspects a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) such as asthma and sends the patient to a clinical technician for forced expiratory volume (FEV) testing. The technician is inexperienced. They start by calibrating a digital spirometer. They use a cylinder that pumps a known volume of 0.75 liters through the airflow transducer of the spirometer. The transducer measures a volume of 0.63 liters, but the technician does not notice the difference and proceeds with the test. They then measure the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC) of the patient. They calculate the FEV1/FVC ratio. The physician receives the results and notes that the patient's FEV1/FVC ratio is 60%, suggesting moderate obstruction (Leader, 2021). Do you agree with this diagnosis? Why or why not?
Supreeta N.
Activity 2: Interpreting spirograms Use the normal spirometry reading below to interpret spirograms from various disease pathologies: Case 1: Acute Asthma Attack How is this spirogram different from the normal reading?
Sri K.
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