Which of these is a valid criticism of early D.A.R.E. programs? a) D.A.R.E. programs increased drug use among participants. b) There was little or no difference in drug use between D.A.R.E. and non-D.A.R.E. control groups. c) D.A.R.E. programs were essentially a method of providing extra pay for police officers. d) The basic premise of D.A.R.E. was to intimidate participants with police presence on school grounds.