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In order to answer this question, let's talk about shock.
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This question says, a young woman is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after a severe motor vehicle accident.
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She is unconscious.
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Her blood pressure is 64 over 40 millimeters of mercury.
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Heart rate is 150.
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She's intubated and is being hand ventilated.
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There is no evidence of head trauma.
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The pupils are two millimeters in reactive.
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She withdraws to pain.
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Cardiac examination reveals no murmurs, gallops, or grunts.
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The lungs are clear to excretation.
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The abdomen is tense with decreased bowel sounds.
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The extremities are cool and clammy with 3d pulses.
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Despite aggressive blood and fluid resuscitation, the patient dies.
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It says, what are the four major pathophysiologic causes of shock? so there are four major pathophysiologic causes of shock.
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And we have here, first, hypovolemic shock.
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And this occurs due to the decrease in intravascular volume resulting in inadequate blood flow to tissues.
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And it can be caused by anything that decreases the intravascular volume in your body.
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For example, hemorrhage, dehydration, burns, and also severe diarrhea.
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The second is cardiogenic shock.
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And it results from impaired cardiac function.
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You can have a normal body fluid, but if your heart is not pumping normally, then blood is not going to reach your tissues in appropriate amounts.
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And causes can include, for example, acute myocardial infarction, severe pulmonary disease, or cardiomyopathies.
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Then you have distributive shock.
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Okay, and this is caused by systemic vasodilation, leading to a decrease in the systemic vascular resistance and subsequent hypotension.
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Okay, the three types of distributive shock are septic shock.
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I'm gonna write that here, septic shock.
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Also anaphylactic shock, and also neurogenic shock.
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Now, another one is the obstructive shock.
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And this obstructive shock, it results from an obstruction to blood flow, leading to inadequate cardiac output and tissue perfusion.
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And examples include pulmonary embolism, tension in the motor acts, and cardiac tamponade.
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Okay, now, the next question says, it says, which was likely in this patient? well, in this patient, it is likely to be, well, it is actually likely to be hypovolemic shock.
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Okay, because of this patient's blood pressure, for example, her blood pressure is very low, and the heart rate is very high...