Book cover for Barron's AP Psychology

Barron's AP Psychology

Robert McEntarffer, Allyson Weseley

ISBN #9780764147012

5th Edition

295 Questions

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10,506 Students Helped

Homework Questions

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Summary
Learning Objectives
Key Concepts
Example Problems
Explanations
Common Mistakes

Summary

This section covers a range of motivation theories—from biological drives explained by drive reduction theory to the pursuit of an optimal excitement level in arousal theory. It highlights how incentives, both external and internal, shape behavior, and discusses Maslow’s hierarchy as a framework for prioritizing needs. Moreover, the section bridges motivation with emotion by comparing theories such as James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter’s two-factor approach, and it delves into stress and its physiological consequences through Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome. Understanding these interconnected theories provides valuable insights into both everyday behaviors and clinical practices.

Learning Objectives

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Key Concepts

CONCEPT

DEFINITION

Definition: The study of behaviors and mental processes that are maladaptive, unusual, disturbing, and irrational, examining the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders.

The study of behaviors and mental processes that are maladaptive, unusual, disturbing, and irrational, examining the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders. •

Example Problems

Example 1

How would drive reduction theory explain a person accepting a new job with a higher salary but that requires more work and responsibility? (A) Money is a more powerful incentive for this individual than free time. (B) This person seeks a higher activity level and takes the job in order to satisfy this drive (C) For this person, money is a higher-level need than free time. (D) The person takes the job to satisfy the secondary drive of increased salary. (E) Humans instinctively seek greater resources and control over their environment

Example 2

Which aspects of hunger are controlled by the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus? (A) contraction and expansion of the stomach, indicating too much or too little food (B) body temperature and desire to eat (C) desire to eat and physiological processes needed for eating and digestion (such as salivation) (D) the binge and purge cycle in bulimics (E) the desire to eat and the feeling of satiety, or fullness, that makes us stop eating

Example 3

All of the following are identified by researchers as important factors in the causes of eating disorders EXCEPT (A) cultural attitude toward weight. (B) lack of willpower (C) genetic tendencies. (D) family history of eating disorders. (E) food obsessions.

Example 4

The Yerkes-Dodson law predicts that most people would perform an easy task best if they are at a (A) high level of arousal. (B) low level of arousal. (C) baseline state (D) level of self-actualization. (E) state of homeostasis

Example 5

What is the principle difference between how achievement motivation theory and arousal theory explain human motivation? (A) Achievement motivation is a specific example of arousal motivation. (B) Arousal theory describes the optimum level of general arousal an individual seeks, while achievement motivation describes what type of goals the individual is motivated to achieve. (C) Arousal theory describes motivation by referring to stages in our responses to stress (the general adaptation syndrome). Achievement motivation is not used to describe motivation due to stress. (D) A person with a low optimum level of arousal according to arousal theory would have a high achievement motivation. (E) Arousal theory is an older, outdated precursor to achievement motivation theory.
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Common Mistakes

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