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Separation Process Principles

J. D. Seader, Ernest J. Henley

Chapter 15

Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Chromatography - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

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Problem 1

Porous particles of activated alumina have a BET surface area of $310 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{g}$, a particle porosity of $0.48$, and a particle density of $1.30 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$. Determine: (a) specific pore volume in $\mathrm{cm}^{3} / \mathrm{g}$, (b) true solid density, $\mathrm{g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$, and (c) approximate pore diameter in angstroms from (15-2).

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
01:10

Problem 2

Carbon molecular sieves are available in two forms from a Japanese manufacturer:
$$
\begin{array}{lcl}
\hline & \text { Form A } & \text { Form B } \\
\hline \text { Pore volume, } \mathrm{cm}^{3} / \mathrm{g} & 0.18 & 0.38 \\
\text { Average pore diameter } & 5 A & 2.0 \mu \mathrm{m} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Estimate the surface area of each form.

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator
05:06

Problem 3

Representative properties of small-pore silica gel are as follows: pore diameter $=24 \AA$; particle porosity $=0.47$; particle density $=1.09 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$; and specific surface area $=800 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{g}$
(a) Are these values reasonably consistent? (b) If the adsorption capacity for water vapor at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $6 \mathrm{mmHg}$ partial pressure is $18 \%$ by weight, what fraction of a monolayer is adsorbed?

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
01:19

Problem 4

The following data were obtained in a BET apparatus for adsorption equilibrium of nitrogen on silica gel (SG) at $-195.8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. Estimate the specific surface area in $\mathrm{m}^{2} / \mathrm{g}$ of silica gel. How does your value compare with that in Table $15.2$ ?
$$
\begin{array}{cc}
\hline \begin{array}{l}
\mathrm{N}_{2} \text { Partial } \\
\text { Pressure, torr }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Volume of } \mathrm{N}_{2} \text { Adsorbed in } \\
\mathrm{cm}^{3}\left(0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 1\right. \text { atm) per gram SG }
\end{array} \\
\hline 6.0 & 6.1 \\
24.8 & 12.7 \\
140.3 & 17.0 \\
230.3 & 19.7 \\
285.1 & 21.5 \\
320.3 & 23.0 \\
430 & 27.7 \\
505 & 33.5 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

Hunza Gilgit
Hunza Gilgit
Numerade Educator
02:51

Problem 5

Estimate the maximum ion-exchange capacity in meq/g resin for an ion-exchange resin made from $8 \mathrm{wt} \%$ divinylbenzene and $92 \mathrm{wt} \%$ styrene.

Himanshu Kushwaha
Himanshu Kushwaha
Numerade Educator
03:21

Problem 6

Shen and Smith [Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam., 7, 100-105 (1968)] measured equilibrium-adsorption isotherms at four different temperatures for pure benzene vapor on silica gel, having the following properties: surface area $=832 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{g}$, pore volume $=$ $0.43 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} / \mathrm{g}$, particle density $=1.13 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$, and average pore diameter $=22 \AA$.
(a) For each temperature, obtain a best fit of the data to (1) linear, (2) Freundlich, and (3) Langmuir isotherms. Which isotherm(s), if any, fit the data reasonably well?
(b) Do the data represent less than a monolayer of adsorption?
(c) From the data, estimate the heat of adsorption. How does this value compare to the heat of vaporization (condensation) of benzene?

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
10:22

Problem 7

The separation of propane and propylene is accomplished by distillation, but at the expense of more than 100 trays and a reflux ratio of greater than 10 . Consequently, the use of adsorption has been investigated in a number of studies. Jarvelin and Fair [Ind. Eng. Chem. Research, 32, 2201-2207 (1993)] measured adsorptionequilibrium data at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for three different zeolite molecular sieves (ZMSs) and activated carbon. The data were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm with the following results:
$$
\begin{array}{lccr}
\text { Adsorbent } & \text { Sorbate } & q_{m} & {K} \\
\hline \text { ZMS 4A } & \mathrm{C}_{3} & 0.226 & 9.770 \\
& \mathrm{C}_{3}^{\overline{\bar{m}}} & 2.092 & 95.096 \\
\text { ZMS 5A } & \mathrm{C}_{3} & 1.919 & 100.223 \\
& \mathrm{C}_{3}^{\overline{\bar{m}}} & 2.436 & 147.260 \\
\text { ZMS 13X } & \mathrm{C}_{3} & 2.130 & 55.412 \\
& \mathrm{C}_{3}^{\overline{\overline{3}}} & 2.680 & 100.000 \\
\text { Activated carbon } & \mathrm{C}_{3} & 4.239 & 58.458 \\
& \mathrm{C}_{3}^{\overline{-}} & 4.889 & 34.915
\end{array}
$$
where $q$ and $q_{m}$ are in $\mathrm{mmol} / \mathrm{g}$ and $p$ is in bar.
(a) Which component is most strongly adsorbed by each of the adsorbents? (b) Which adsorbent has the greatest adsorption capacity? (c) Which adsorbent has the greatest selectivity? (d) Based on equilibrium considerations, which adsorbent is best for the separation?

Chareen Guzman
Chareen Guzman
Numerade Educator
03:21

Problem 8

Ruthven and Kaul [Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 2047-2052 (1993)] measured adsorption isotherms for a series of gaseous aromatic hydrocarbons on well-defined crystals of NaX zeolite over ranges of temperature and pressure. For 1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene at $547 \mathrm{~K}$, the following equilibrium data were obtained with a vacuum microbalance:
$\begin{array}{llllccc}q, \text { wt } \% & 7.0 & 9.1 & 10.3 & 10.8 & 11.1 & 11.5 \\ p, \text { torr } & 0.012 & 0.027 & 0.043 & 0.070 & 0.094 & 0.147\end{array}$
Obtain a best fit of the data to the linear, Freundlich, and Langmuir isotherms, with $q$ in $\mathrm{mol} / \mathrm{g}$ and pressure in atm. Which isotherm gives the best fit?

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
12:06

Problem 9

Lewis, Gilliland, Chertow, and Hoffman [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 1153-1157 (1950)] measured adsorption equilibria for pure propane, pure propylene, and binary mixtures thereof, on activated carbon and silica gel. Adsorbate capacity was high on carbon, but selectivity was poor. Selectivity was high on silica gel, but capacity was low. For silica gel $\left(751 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{g}\right)$, the following pure component data were obtained at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ :
$$
\begin{array}{rcrc}
\text { P, torr } & q, \mathrm{mmol} / \mathrm{g} & \text { P, torr } & q, \mathrm{mmol} / \mathrm{g} \\
\hline 11.1 & 0.0564 & 34.2 & 0.3738 \\
25.0 & 0.1252 & 71.4 & 0.7227 \\
43.5 & 0.1980 & 91.6 & 0.7472 \\
71.4 & 0.2986 & 194.3 & 1.129 \\
100.0 & 0.3850 & 198.3 & 1.168 \\
158.9 & 0.5441 & 271.5 & 1.401 \\
227.5 & 0.7020 & 353.2 & 1.562 \\
304.2 & 0.843 & 550.7 & 1.918 \\
387.0 & 1.010 & 555.2 & 1.928 \\
468.0 & 1.138 & 760.6 & 2.184 \\
569.0 & 1.288 & & \\
677.8 & 1.434 & & \\
775.0 & 1.562 & &
\end{array}
$$
The following mixture data were measured at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, over a pressure range of 752-773 torr:
$$
\begin{array}{cccc}
\begin{array}{c}
\text { Total } \\
\text { Pressure, } \\
\text { torr }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Millimoles } \\
\text { of Mixture } \\
\text { Adsorbed/g }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
y_{\mathrm{C}_{3}}, \text { Mole } \\
\text { Fraction in } \\
\text { Gas Phase }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
x_{\mathrm{C}_{3}}, \text { Mole } \\
\text { Fraction in } \\
\text { Adsorbate }
\end{array} \\
\hline 769.2 & 2.197 & 0.2445 & 0.1078 \\
760.9 & 2.013 & 0.299 & 0.2576 \\
767.8 & 2.052 & 0.4040 & 0.2956 \\
761.0 & 2.041 & 0.530 & 0.2816 \\
753.6 & 1.963 & 0.5333 & 0.3655 \\
766.3 & 1.967 & 0.5356 & 0.3120 \\
754.0 & 1.974 & 0.6140 & 0.3591 \\
753.6 & 1.851 & 0.6220 & 0.5550 \\
754.0 & 1.701 & 0.6252 & 0.7007 \\
760.0 & 1.686 & 0.7480 & 0.723 \\
- & 2.180 & 0.671 & 0.096 \\
760.0 & 1.993 & 0.8964 & 0.253 \\
760.0 & 1.426 & 0.921 & 0.401
\end{array}
$$
(a) Fit the pure component data to Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Which gives the best fit? Which component is most strongly adsorbed?
(b) Use the results of the Langmuir fits in part (a) to predict binarymixture adsorption using the extended Langmuir equation, (15-32). Are the predictions adequate?
(c) Ignoring the pure-component data, fit the binary-mixture data to the extended Langmuir equation, (15-32). Is the fit better than that obtained in part (b)?
(d) Ignoring the pure-component data, fit the binary mixture data to the extended Langmuir-Freundlich equation, (15-33). Is the fit adequate? Is the fit better than that in part (c)?
(e) For the binary-mixture data, compute the relative selectivity,
$$
\alpha_{C_{3}, C_{3}^{-}}=y_{C_{3}}\left(1-x_{C_{3}}\right) /\left[x_{C_{3}}\left(1-y_{C_{3}}\right)\right]
$$
for each condition. Does $\alpha$ vary widely or is the assumption of constant $\alpha$ reasonable?

Niamat Khuda
Niamat Khuda
Numerade Educator
04:31

Problem 10

In Example 15.6, pure-component, liquid-phase adsorption data are used with the extended-Langmuir isotherm to predict a binary-solute data point. Use the following mixture data to obtain the best fit to an extended Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm of the form
$$
q_{i}=\frac{\left(q_{0}\right)_{i} k_{i} c_{i}^{1 / n_{i}}}{1+\sum_{j} k_{j} c_{j}^{1 / n_{j}}}
$$
Data for binary-mixture adsorption on activated carbon $\left(1000 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{g}\right)$ at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for acetone (1) and propionitrile (2) are as follows:
$$
\begin{array}{cccl}
\text { Solution Concentration, } \frac{\mathrm{mol} / \mathrm{L}}{c_{1}}& & \text { Loading, } \mathrm{mmol} / \mathrm{g}
\\
c_{1} & c_{2} & q_{1} & q_{2} \\
\hline 5.52 \mathrm{E}-5 & 7.46 \mathrm{E}-5 & 0.0192 & 0.0199 \\
6.14 \mathrm{E}-5 & 7.71 \mathrm{E}-5 & 0.0191 & 0.0198 \\
1.06 \mathrm{E}-4 & 1.35 \mathrm{E}-4 & 0.0308 & 0.0320 \\
1.12 \mathrm{E}-4 & 1.46 \mathrm{E}-4 & 0.0307 & 0.0319 \\
3.03 \mathrm{E}-4 & 2.32 \mathrm{E}-3 & 0.0378 & 0.263 \\
3.17 \mathrm{E}-4 & 2.34 \mathrm{E}-3 & 0.0378 & 0.264 \\
3.25 \mathrm{E}-4 & 3.89 \mathrm{E}-4 & 0.0644 & 0.0672 \\
1.42 \mathrm{E}-3 & 1.58 \mathrm{E}-3 & 0.161 & 0.169 \\
1.42 \mathrm{E}-3 & 1.61 \mathrm{E}-3 & 0.161 & 0.169 \\
1.43 \mathrm{E}-3 & 1.60 \mathrm{E}-3 & 0.161 & 0.169 \\
2.09 \mathrm{E}-3 & 3.84 \mathrm{E}-4 & 0.250 & 0.0390 \\
2.17 \mathrm{E}-3 & 3.85 \mathrm{E}-4 & 0.251 & 0.0392 \\
4.99 \mathrm{E}-3 & 5.24 \mathrm{E}-3 & 0.291 & 0.307 \\
5.06 \mathrm{E}-3 & 5.31 \mathrm{E}-3 & 0.288 & 0.305 \\
7.41 \mathrm{E}-3 & 2.42 \mathrm{E}-2 & 0.237 & 0.900 \\
7.52 \mathrm{E}-3 & 2.47 \mathrm{E}-2 & 0.236 & 0.896 \\
2.79 \mathrm{E}-2 & 7.59 \mathrm{E}-3 & 0.802 & 0.251 \\
4.00 \mathrm{E}-2 & 3.44 \mathrm{E}-2 & 0.715 & 0.822 \\
4.02 \mathrm{E}-2 & 3.42 \mathrm{E}-2 & 0.717 & 0.834
\end{array}
$$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
23:59

Problem 11

Sircar and Myers [J. Phys. Chem., 74, 2828-2835 (1970)] measured liquid-phase adsorption at $30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for a binary mixture of cyclohexane (1) and ethyl alcohol (2) on activated carbon. Assuming no adsorption of ethyl alcohol, they used $(15-34)$ to obtain the following results:
$$
\begin{array}{cc|cc}
\hline x_{1} & q_{1}^{e}, \mathrm{mmol} / \mathrm{g} & x_{1} & q_{1}^{e}, \mathrm{mmol} / \mathrm{g} \\
\hline 0.042 & 0.295 & 0.440 & 0.065 \\
0.051 & 0.485 & 0.470 & 0.000 \\
0.072 & 0.517 & 0.521 & -0.129 \\
0.148 & 0.586 & 0.537 & -0.362 \\
0.160 & 0.669 & 0.610 & -0.643 \\
0.213 & 0.661 & 0.756 & -1.230 \\
0.216 & 0.583 & 0.848 & -1.310 \\
0.249 & 0.595 & 0.893 & -1.180 \\
0.286 & 0.532 & 0.920 & -1.230 \\
0.341 & 0.383 & 0.953 & -0.996 \\
0.391 & 0.192 & 0.974 & -0.470 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
(a) Plot the data as $q_{1}^{e}$ against $x_{1}$. Explain the shape of the curve. (b) In what regions of concentration could the Freundlich isotherm be fitted to the data? Make the fits.

Chareen Guzman
Chareen Guzman
Numerade Educator
04:15

Problem 12

Both the adsorptive removal of small amounts of toluene from water and small amounts of water from toluene are important in the process industries. Activated carbon is particularly effective for removing soluble organic compounds (SOCs) from water. Activated alumina is effective for removing soluble water from toluene. Fit each of the following two sets of equilibrium data for $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. For each case, which isotherm provides the better fit? Could a linear isotherm be used?

Shalini Tyagi
Shalini Tyagi
Numerade Educator
04:25

Problem 13

Derive (15-44). Use this equation to solve the following problem. Sulfate ion is to be removed from $60 \mathrm{~L}$ of water by exchanging it with chloride ion on $1 \mathrm{~L}$ of a strong-base resin with relative molar selectivities as listed in Table $15.6$ and an ion-exchange capacity of $1.2 \mathrm{eq} / \mathrm{L}$ of resin. The water to be treated has a sulfateion concentration of $0.018$ eq/L and a chloride-ion concentration of $0.002 \mathrm{eq} / \mathrm{L}$. Following the attainment of equilibrium ion exchange, the treated water will be removed and the resin will be regenerated with $30 \mathrm{~L}$ of $10 \mathrm{wt} \%$ aqueous $\mathrm{NaCl}$.
(a) Write the ion-exchange reaction.
(b) Determine the value of $K_{\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}}$.
(c) Calculate equilibrium concentrations $c_{\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}}, c_{\mathrm{Cl}^{-}}, q_{\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}}$, and $q_{\mathrm{Cl}^{-}}$in eq/L for the initial ion-exchange step.
(d) Calculate the concentration of $\mathrm{Cl}^{-}$in eq/L for the regenerating solution.
(e) Calculate $c_{\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}}, c_{\mathrm{Cl}^{-}}, q_{\mathrm{SO}_{4}^{2-}}$, and $q_{\mathrm{Cl}^{-}}$upon reaching equilibrium in the regeneration step.
(f) Are the separations sufficiently selective?

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:54

Problem 14

Silver ion in methanol was exchanged with sodium ion using Dowex 50 cross-linked with $8 \%$ divinylbenzene by Gable and Stroebel [J. Phys. Chem., 60, 513-517 (1956)]. The molar selectivity coefficient was found to vary somewhat with the equivalent fraction of $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$in the resin as follows:
$\begin{array}{lrrrrr}x_{\mathrm{Na}^{+}} & 0.1 & 0.3 & 0.5 & 0.7 & 0.9 \\ K_{\mathrm{Ag}^{+}, \mathrm{Na}^{+}} & 11.2 & 11.9 & 12.3 & 14.1 & 17.0\end{array}$
If the wet capacity of the resin is $2.5 \mathrm{eq} / \mathrm{L}$ and the resin is initially saturated with $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$, calculate the equilibrium equivalent fractions if $50 \mathrm{~L}$ of $0.05-\mathrm{M} \mathrm{Ag}^{+}$in methanol is treated with $1 \mathrm{~L}$ of wet resin.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
03:47

Problem 15

Ion exclusion is a process that uses ion-exchange resins to separate nonionic organic compounds from ionic species contained in a polar solvent, usually water. The resin is presaturated with the same ions as in the solution, thus eliminating ion exchange. However, in the presence of the polar solvent, resins undergo considerable swelling by absorbing the solvent. Experiments have shown that a nonionic solute will distribute between the solution outside the resin and the solution within the resin, while the ions can only exchange.
A feed solution of $1,000 \mathrm{~kg}$ contains $6 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{NaCl}, 35 \mathrm{wt} \%$ glycerol, and $47 \mathrm{wt} \%$ water. This solution is to be treated with Dowex-50 ion-exchange resin in the sodium form, after prewetting with water, to recover $75 \%$ of the glycerol. The following data for the glycerol distribution coefficient,
$$
K_{d}=\frac{\text { mass fraction in solution inside resin }}{\text { mass fraction in solution outside resin }}
$$
were reported by Asher and Simpson [J. Phys. Chem., 60, 518-521 (1956)]:
$$
\begin{array}{lll}
\text { Mass Fraction } & {K_{d}} \\
{ 2 - 3 } \text { Glycerol in Solution } & 6 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{NaCl} & 12 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{NaCl}
\end{array}
$$
$$
\begin{array}{lll}
0.10 & 0.75 & 0.91 \\
0.20 & 0.80 & 0.93 \\
0.30 & 0.83 & 0.95 \\
0.40 & 0.85 & 0.97
\end{array}
$$
If the prewetted resin contains $40 \mathrm{wt} \%$ water, determine the kilograms of resin (dry basis) required.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:10

Problem 16

Benzene vapor in an air stream is adsorbed in a fixed bed of $4 \times 6$ mesh silica gel packed to an external void fraction of $0.5$. The bed is 2 feet in inside diameter and the air flow rate is $25 \mathrm{lb} / \mathrm{min}$ (benzene-free basis). At a location in the bed where the pressure is $1 \mathrm{~atm}$, the temperature is $70^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, and the bulk mole fraction of benzene is $0.005$, estimate the external, gas-to-particle mass-transfer and heat-transfer coefficients.

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
05:13

Problem 17

Water vapor in an air stream is to be adsorbed in a 12.06-cminside-diameter column packed with $3.3$-mm-diameter Alcoa F-200 activated alumina beads with an external porosity of $0.442$. At a location in the bed where the pressure is $653.3 \mathrm{kPa}$, the temperature is $21^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, the gas flow rate is $1.327 \mathrm{~kg} / \mathrm{min}$, and the dew-point temperature is $11.2^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, estimate the external, gas-toparticle mass-transfer and heat-transfer coefficients.

Mohammad Mehran
Mohammad Mehran
Numerade Educator
06:08

Problem 18

For the conditions of Example $15.8$ estimate the effective diffusivity of acetone vapor in the pores of activated carbon with the following properties: particle density $=0.85 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$, particle porosity $=0.48$, average pore diameter $=25 \AA$, and tortuosity $=2.75$.
Consider both bulk and Knudsen diffusion, but ignore surface diffusion.

Chareen Guzman
Chareen Guzman
Numerade Educator
03:21

Problem 19

For the conditions of Exercise 15.16, estimate the effective diffusivity of benzene vapor in the pores of silica gel with the following properties: particle density $=1.15 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$, particle porosity $=0.48$, average pore diameter $=30 \AA$, and tortuosity $=3.2$.
Consider all mechanisms of diffusion. The adsorption equilibrium constant is given in Example 15.11, and the differential heat of adsorption is $-11,000 \mathrm{cal} / \mathrm{mol}$.

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
06:08

Problem 20

For the conditions of Exercise 15.17, estimate the effective diffusivity of water vapor in the pores of activated alumina with the following properties: particle density $=1.38 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}$, particle porosity $=0.52$, average pore diameter $=60 \AA$, and tortuosity $=2.3$.
Consider all mechanisms of diffusion except surface diffusion.

Chareen Guzman
Chareen Guzman
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 21

Adsorption with activated carbon, made from bituminous coal, of soluble organic compounds (SOCs) to purify surface and ground water is a proven technology, as discussed by Stenzel [Chem. Eng. Prog., 89 (4), 36-43 (1993)]. The less-soluble organic compounds, such as chlorinated organic solvents and aromatic solvents, are the more strongly adsorbed. Water containing $3.3 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ of trichloroethylene (TCE) is to be treated with activated carbon to obtain an effluent with only $0.01 \mathrm{mg}$ TCE/L. At $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, adsorption equilibrium data for TCE on activated carbon are correlated with the following Freundlich equation:
$$
q=67 c^{0.564}
$$
where
$q=\mathrm{mg} \mathrm{TCE} / \mathrm{g}$ carbon and $c=\mathrm{mg} \mathrm{TCE} / \mathrm{L}$ solution $q=\mathrm{mg} \mathrm{TCE} / \mathrm{g}$ carbon and $c=\mathrm{mg} \mathrm{TCE} / \mathrm{L}$ solution
The TCE is to be removed by slurry adsorption using a powdered form of the activated carbon, with an average particle diameter of $1.5 \mathrm{~mm}$. In the absence of any laboratory data on mass-transfer rates, assume that the rate of adsorption for the small particles is controlled by external mass transfer with a Sherwood number of 30. Particle surface area is $5 \mathrm{~m}^{2} / \mathrm{kg}$. The molecular diffusivity of $\mathrm{TCE}$ in low concentrations in water at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ may be determined from the Wilke-Chang equation.
(a) Determine the minimum amount of adsorbent needed.
(b) For operation in the batch mode with twice the minimum amount of adsorbent, determine the time to reduce the TCE content to the desired value.
(c) For operation in the continuous mode using twice the minimum amount of adsorbent, determine the required residence time.
(d) For operation in the semicontinuous mode at a feed rate of $50 \mathrm{gpm}$ and for a liquid residence time equal to $1.5$ times that computed in part (c), determine the amount of activated carbon to give a reasonable vol\% solids in the tank and a run time of not less than 10 times the liquid residence time.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:32

Problem 22

Repeat Exercise $15.21$ for water containing $0.324 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ of benzene (B) and $0.630 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ of $\mathrm{m}$ - $\mathrm{xylene}(\mathrm{X})$.
Adsorption isotherms at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ for these low concentrations are essentially independent and are given by
$$
\begin{aligned}
&q_{\mathrm{B}}=32 c_{\mathrm{B}}^{0.428} \\
&q_{\mathrm{X}}=125 c_{\mathrm{X}}^{0.333}
\end{aligned}
$$
The feed concentrations of the SOCs in the feed are to be reduced to $0.002 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ each.

Katrina Olenwine
Katrina Olenwine
Numerade Educator
01:02

Problem 23

Repeat Exercise $15.21$ for water containing $0.223 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ chloroform, whose concentration is to be reduced to $0.010 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$. The adsorption isotherm at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ is given by
$$
q=10 c^{0.564}
$$

Narayan Hari
Narayan Hari
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 24

Three fixed-bed adsorbers containing $10,000 \mathrm{lb}$ of granules of activated carbon $\left(\rho_{b}=30 \mathrm{lb} / \mathrm{ft}^{3}\right)$ each are to be used to treat $250 \mathrm{gpm}$ of water containing $4.6 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ of 1,2 -dichloroethane (D) to reduce the concentration to less than $0.001 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$. Each carbon bed has a height equal to twice the diameter. Two beds are to be placed in series so that when Bed 1 (the lead bed) becomes saturated with D at the feed concentration, that bed is removed. Bed 2 (the trailing bed), which is partially saturated at this point, depending upon the width of the MTZ, becomes the lead bed, and previously idle Bed 3 takes the place of Bed 2. While Bed 1 is off-line, its spent carbon is removed and replaced with fresh carbon. The spent carbon is incinerated. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm for D is given by $q=8 c^{0.57}$, where $q$ is in $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{g}$ and $c$ is in $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$. Once the cycle is established, how often must the carbon in a bed be replaced? What is the maximum width of the MTZ that will allow saturated loading

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
03:21

Problem 25

The fixed-bed adsorber series arrangement of Exercise $15.24$ is to be used to treat $250 \mathrm{gpm}$ of water containing $0.185 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ of benzene (B) and $0.583 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$ of $\mathrm{m}$-xylene (X). However, because the two solutes may have considerably different breakthrough times, more than two operating beds in series may be needed. The adsorption isotherms are given in Exercise 15.22, where $q$ is in $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{g}$ and $c$ is in $\mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$. From laboratory measurements, the widths of the mass-transfer zones are estimated to be $\mathrm{MTZ}_{\mathrm{B}}=2.5 \mathrm{ft}$ and MTZ $_{X}=4.8 \mathrm{ft}$. Once the cycle is established, how often must the carbon in the bed be replaced?

Madi Sousa
Madi Sousa
Numerade Educator
05:39

Problem 26

Air at $80^{\circ} \mathrm{F}, 1 \mathrm{~atm}, 80 \%$ relative humidity, and a superficial velocity of $100 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{min}$ passes through a 5 -ft-high bed of $2.8$-mmdiameter spherical particles of silica gel $\left(\rho_{b}=39 \mathrm{lb} / \mathrm{ft}^{3}\right)$. The adsorption equilibrium isotherm at $80^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ is given by

M Hassan Anwar
M Hassan Anwar
Numerade Educator
05:00

Problem 27

A train of four 55-gallon cannisters of activated carbon is to be used to reduce the nitroglycerine (NG) content of 400 gph of wastewater from $2,000 \mathrm{ppm}$ by weight to less than $1 \mathrm{ppm}$. Each cannister has a diameter of $2 \mathrm{ft}$ and holds $200 \mathrm{lb}$ activated carbon $\left(\rho_{b}=32 \mathrm{lb} / \mathrm{ft}^{3}\right)$. Each cannister is equipped with a liquid-flow dis tributor to promote plug flow through the bed of carbon. The efflu ent from the first cannister is monitored so that when a $1 \mathrm{ppm}$ threshold of NG is reached, that cannister is removed from the train and a fresh cannister is added to the end of the train. The spent carbon is mixed with coal for use as a fuel in a coal-fired power plan at the process site. Using the following pilot-plant data, estimate how many cannisters are needed each month and the monthly can nister cost at $$\$ 700$$ per cannister.

Stephen Hobbs
Stephen Hobbs
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 28

Air at a flow rate of $12,000 \operatorname{scfm}\left(60^{\circ} \mathrm{F}, 1\right.$ atm $)$ and containing $0.5 \mathrm{~mol} \%$ ethyl acetate (EA) and no water vapor is to be treated with activated carbon (C) $\left(\rho_{b}=30 \mathrm{lb} / \mathrm{ft}^{3}\right)$ with an equivalent particle diameter of $0.011 \mathrm{ft}$ in a fixed-bed adsorber to remove the ethyl acetate, which will be subsequently stripped from the carbon by steam at $230^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. Based on the following data, determine the diameter and height of the carbon bed, assuming adsorption at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ and $1 \mathrm{~atm}$ and a time-to-breakthrough of $8 \mathrm{~h}$ with a superficial gas velocity of $60 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{min}$. If the bed height-to-diameter is unreasonable, what change in design basis would you suggest?
$$
\begin{array}{lc|cc}
\hline p^{\mathrm{EA}}, \mathrm{atm} & q, \mathrm{lb} \mathrm{EA} / \mathrm{lb} \mathrm{C} & p^{\mathrm{EA}}, \mathrm{atm} & q, \mathrm{lb} \mathrm{EA} / \mathrm{lb} \mathrm{C} \\
\hline 0.0002 & 0.125 & 0.0020 & 0.227 \\
0.0005 & 0.164 & 0.0050 & 0.270 \\
0.0010 & 0.195 & 0.0100 & 0.304 \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
Breakthrough data at $100^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ and $1 \mathrm{~atm}$ for EA in air at a gas superficial velocity of $60 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{min}$ in a 2 -ft dry bed:
$$
\begin{array}{lll}
\hline \begin{array}{l}
\text { Mole Fraction } \\
\text { EA in Effluent }
\end{array} & \text { Time, Min } & \begin{array}{l}
\text { Mole Fraction } \\
\text { EA in Effluent }
\end{array} & \text { Time, Min } \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$
$$
\begin{array}{ll|lr}
\hline 0.00005 & 60 & 0.00100 & 95 \\
0.00010 & 66 & 0.00250 & 120 \\
0.00025 & 75 & 0.00475 & 160 \\
0.00050 & 84 & &
\end{array}
$$

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
01:18

Problem 29

In Examples $15.11$ and $15.13$, benzene is adsorbed from air at $70^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ in a 6 -ft-high bed of silica gel and then stripped with air at $145^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$. If the bed height is changed to $30 \mathrm{ft}$, the following data are obtained for breakthrough at 641 minutes for the adsorption step:
$$
\begin{array}{cccccc}
\hline z, \mathrm{ft} & \phi=c / c_{F} & \psi=\bar{q} / q_{F}^{*} & z, \mathrm{ft} & \phi=c / c_{F} & \psi=\bar{q} / q_{F}^{*} \\
\hline 0-12 & 1.000 & 1.000 & 14 & 1.000 & 1.000 \\
13 & 1.000 & 1.000 & 15 & 1.000 & 1.000
\end{array}
$$
$$
\begin{array}{cccccc}
\hline z, \mathrm{ft} & \phi=c / c_{F} & \psi=\bar{q} / q_{F}^{*} & z, \mathrm{ft} & \phi=c / c_{F} & \psi=\bar{q} / q_{F}^{*} \\
\hline 16 & 0.999 & 0.999 & 24 & 0.599 & 0.575 \\
17 & 0.997 & 0.997 & 25 & 0.468 & 0.444 \\
18 & 0.992 & 0.990 & 26 & 0.343 & 0.321 \\
19 & 0.978 & 0.975 & 27 & 0.235 & 0.217 \\
20 & 0.951 & 0.944 & 28 & 0.150 & 0.137 \\
21 & 0.901 & 0.890 & 29 & 0.090 & 0.081 \\
22 & 0.825 & 0.808 & 30 & 0.050 & 0.044 \\
23 & 0.722 & 0.701 & & &
\end{array}
$$
If the bed is regenerated isothermally with pure air at $1 \mathrm{~atm}$ and $145^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$, and the desorption of benzene during the heatup period is neglected, determine the loading, $\bar{q}$, profile at a time sufficient to remove $90 \%$ of the benzene from the bed if an interstitial pure air velocity of $98.5 \mathrm{ft} / \mathrm{min}$ is used. Values of $k$ and $K$ at $145^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ are given in Example 15.13.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
05:35

Problem 30

Use the method of lines with a five-point, biased, upwind finite-difference approximation and a stiff integrator to perform PSA cycle calculations that approach the cyclic steady state for the data and design basis in Example 15.14, starting from: (a) a clean bed, and (b) a bed saturated with the feed. Are the two cyclic steady states essentially the same?

Himani Sood
Himani Sood
Numerade Educator
01:31

Problem 31

15.31 Solve Example $15.14$ for $P_{\mathrm{L}}=0.12$ atm and an interstitial velocity during desorption that corresponds to the use of $44.5 \%$ of the product gas from the adsorption step.

Nikhil Choudhary
Nikhil Choudhary
Numerade Educator
01:36

Problem 32

For the separation of air by PSA, adsorption of both $\mathrm{O}_{2}$ and $\mathrm{N}_{2}$ must be considered. Develop a model for this case taking into account two species mass balances, overall mass balance, two species mass-transfer rates, and two extended-Langmuir isotherms. Each of the two main steps can be isothermal and isobaric. Can your PDE equations still be solved by the method of lines with a stiff integrator? If so, outline a procedure for doing it.

Manik Pulyani
Manik Pulyani
Numerade Educator
01:57

Problem 33

Two adsorption-based separation processes not considered in this chapter because of lack of significant commercial application are (1) parametric pumping, first conceived by R.H. Wilhelm in the early 1960s, and (2) cycling-zone adsorption, invented by R.L. Pigford and co-workers in the late 1960s. The status of and future for these two processes was assessed by Sweed in 1984 [AIChE Symp. Series, $\mathbf{8 0}$ (233), 44-53 (1984)]. Describe in detail each of these processes. Can either be used for both gas-phase and liquid-phase adsorption?

Ishu Khandelwal
Ishu Khandelwal
Numerade Educator
08:48

Problem 34

A gas mixture containing $55 \mathrm{~mol} \%$ propane and $45 \mathrm{~mol} \%$ propylene is to be separated into products containing 10 and $90 \mathrm{~mol} \%$ propane by adsorption in a continuous, countercurrent adsorption system operating at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $1 \mathrm{~atm}$. The adsorbent is silica gel, for which equilibrium data are given in Exercise 15.9. Determine by the McCabe-Thiele method: (a) the adsorbent flow rate per $1,000 \mathrm{~m}^{3}$ of feed gas at $25^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ and $1 \mathrm{~atm}$ if $1.2$ times the minimum rate is used, and (b) the number of theoretical stages required.

Mohammad Mehran
Mohammad Mehran
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 35

Repeat Example $15.19$, except for a feed containing 400 $\mathrm{ppm}$ (by weight) of $\mathrm{CaCl}_{2}$ and $50 \mathrm{ppm}$ of $\mathrm{NaCl}$.

Lottie Adams
Lottie Adams
Numerade Educator
02:13

Problem 36

An aqueous solution, buffered to a $\mathrm{pH}$ of $3.4$ by sodium citrate and containing $20 \mathrm{~mol} / \mathrm{m}^{3}$ each of glutamic acid, glycine, and valine, is separated in a chromatographic column, packed with Dowex $50 \mathrm{~W}-\mathrm{X} 8$ in the sodium form to a depth of $470 \mathrm{~mm}$. The resin is $0.07 \mathrm{~mm}$ in diameter and packs to a bed void fraction

Rachel Vallejo
Rachel Vallejo
Numerade Educator