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Introduction to Chemistry

Bishop

Chapter 1

An Introduction to Chemistry - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$

Complete this brief description of common steps in the development of scientific ideas: The process begins with _______ and the collection of
_______ . Next, scientists make an initial _______ . This leads to a more purposeful collection of information in the form of systematic
_______ . The hypothesis is refined on the basis of the new information, and _______ is designed to test the hypothesis. The results are
_______ so that other scientists might repeat the research and confirm or refute the conclusions. If other scientists confirm the results, the hypothesis becomes accepted in the scientific community. The next step of this scientific method is a search for useful _______ of the new ideas. This often leads to another round of _______ in order to refine the applications.

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Problem 2

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$

In the past, as measuring techniques became more precise and the demand for accuracy increased, the _______ on which people based their units were improved.

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03:23

Problem 3

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$

The _______ , which has an abbreviation of _______ , is the accepted SI base unit for length.

Crystal Wang
Crystal Wang
Numerade Educator
04:23

Problem 4

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$

The _______ , which has an abbreviation of _______$ , is the accepted SI base unit for mass.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
03:44

Problem 5

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
The _______ , which has an abbreviation of $s$, is the accepted SI base unit for _______ -

Crystal Wang
Crystal Wang
Numerade Educator

Problem 6

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
The kelvin, which has an abbreviation of _______ , is the accepted SI base unit for _______ .

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Problem 7

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
Many properties cannot be described directly with one of the seven SI
_______ . Rather than create new definitions for new units, we
_______ units from the units of meter, kilogram, second, kelvin, mole, ampere, and candela.

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03:23

Problem 8

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
Because the SI base units (such as the meter) and derived units (such as the liter) are not always a convenient size for making measurements of interest to scientists, a way of deriving new units that are larger and smaller has been developed.
Scientists attach ________ to the base units, which have the effect of multiplying or dividing the base unit by a power of 10 .

Crystal Wang
Crystal Wang
Numerade Educator
04:23

Problem 9

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
An object's weight on the surface of the earth depends on its ________ and on the ________ between it and the center of the earth.

Keenan Mintz
Keenan Mintz
University of Miami
00:35

Problem 10

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
For the Celsius scale, the temperature at which water freezes is defined as
________ , and the temperature at which water boils is defined as
________ . For the Fahrenheit scale, which is still commonly used in the United States, the temperature at which water freezes is defined as
________ , and the temperature at which water boils is defined as
________

Victor Salazar
Victor Salazar
Numerade Educator

Problem 11

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
The thermometers that scientists use to measure temperature generally provide readings in degrees ________ but scientists usually convert these values into ________ values to do calculations.

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Problem 12

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
All measurements are ________ to some degree. Scientists are very careful to report the values of measurements in a way that not only shows the measurement's ________ but also reflects its degree of ________ .
The uncertainty of a measurement is related to both the ________ and the ________ of the measuring instrument.

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Problem 13

Complete the following statements by writing one of these words or phrases in each blank.
$$
\begin{array}{ll}
0{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \mathrm{~kg} \\
100^{\circ} \mathrm{C} & \text { magnitude } \\
32^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \mathrm{~m} \\
212^{\circ} \mathrm{F} & \text { mass } \\
\text { accuracy } & \text { meter } \\
\text { applications } & \text { observation } \\
\text { base units } & \text { precision } \\
\text { Celsius } & \text { prefixes } \\
\text { certain } & \text { published } \\
\text { data } & \text { research } \\
\text { derive } & \text { research or experimentation } \\
\text { distance } & \text { second } \\
\text { estimated } & \text { standard } \\
\text { hypothesis } & \text { temperature } \\
\text { hypothesizing and testing } & \text { time } \\
\mathrm{K} & \text { uncertain } \\
\text { kelvin } & \text { uncertainty } \\
\text { kilogram } &
\end{array}
$$
One of the conventions that scientists use for reporting measurements is to report all of the ________ digits and one ________ (and thus uncertain) digit.

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02:28

Problem 14

Describe how science in general is done

Matthew Baker
Matthew Baker
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 15

Complete the following table by writing the property being measured (mass, length, volume, or temperature) and either the name of the unit or its abbreviation.
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \text { Unit } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Type of } \\
\text { measurement }
\end{array} & \text { Abbreviation } & \text { Unit } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Type of } \\
\text { measurement }
\end{array} & \text { Abbreviation } \\
\hline \text { megagram } & & & \text { nanometer } & & \\
\hline & & \mathrm{mL} & & & \mathrm{~K} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
01:08

Problem 16

Complete the following table by writing the property being measured (mass, length, volume, or temperature), and either the name of the unit or its abbreviation.
$$
\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline \text { Unit } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Type of } \\
\text { measurement }
\end{array} & \text { Abbreviation } & \text { Unit } & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Type of } \\
\text { measurement }
\end{array} & \text { Abbreviation } \\
\hline & & \text { GL } & \text { kilogram } & & \\
\hline \text { micrometer } & & & & & { }^{\circ} \mathrm{C} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$

Emily Himsel
Emily Himsel
Numerade Educator
01:24

Problem 17

Convert the following ordinary numbers to scientific notation. (See Appendix B at the end of this text if you need help with this.)
a. 1,000
c. 0.001
b. $1,000,000,000$
d. 0.000000001

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
00:39

Problem 18

Convert the following ordinary numbers to scientific notation. (See Appendix B at the end of this text if you need help with this.)
a. 10,000
c. 0.0001
b. 100
d. 0.01

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
01:15

Problem 19

Convert the following numbers expressed in scientific notation to ordinary numbers. (See Appendix B at the end of this text if you need help with this.)
a. $10^7$
c. $10^{-7}$
b. $10^{12}$
d. $10^{-12}$

AG
Ankit Gupta
Numerade Educator
00:57

Problem 20

Convert the following numbers expressed in scientific notation to ordinary numbers. (See Appendix B at the end of this text if you need help with this.)
a. $10^5$
c. $10^{-5}$
b. $10^6$
d. $10^{-6}$

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
00:51

Problem 21

Complete the following relationships between units.
a. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{m}=1 \mathrm{~km}$
d. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{cm}^3=1 \mathrm{~mL}$
b. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{L}=1 \mathrm{~mL}$
e. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{kg}=1 \mathrm{t}(\mathrm{t}=$ metric ton $)$
c. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{g}=1 \mathrm{Mg}$

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
00:43

Problem 22

Complete the following relationships between units.
a. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{g}=1 \mathrm{Gg}$
d. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{L}=1 \mathrm{~m}^3$
b. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{L}=1 \mu \mathrm{~L}$
e. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{Mg}=1 \mathrm{t}(\mathrm{t}=$ metric ton $)$
c. $\qquad$ $\mathrm{m}=1 \mathrm{~nm}$

Yokshitha Reddy Bathula
Yokshitha Reddy Bathula
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 23

Would each of the following distances be closest to a millimeter, a centimeter, a meter, or a kilometer?
a. the width of a bookcase
b. the length of an ant
c. the width of the letter " $t$ " in this phrase
d. the length of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
02:24

Problem 24

Which is larger, a kilometer or a mile?

Asma Hafiz
Asma Hafiz
Numerade Educator
03:02

Problem 25

Which is larger, a centimeter or an inch?

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:33

Problem 26

Which is larger, a meter or a yard?

Rikhil Makwana
Rikhil Makwana
Numerade Educator
02:28

Problem 27

Would the volume of each of the following be closest to a milliliter, a liter, or a cubic meter?
a. a vitamin tablet
b. a kitchen stove and oven
c. this book

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:08

Problem 28

Which is larger, a liter or a quart?

Christopher Nilsen
Christopher Nilsen
Numerade Educator
01:04

Problem 29

Which is larger, a milliliter or a fluid ounce?

Suzanne W.
Suzanne W.
Numerade Educator
02:39

Problem 30

Would the mass of each of the following be closest to a gram, a kilogram, or a metric ton?
a. a Volkswagen Beetle
b. a Texas-style steak dinner
c. a pinto bean

Asma Hafiz
Asma Hafiz
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 31

Explain the difference between mass and weight.

Esmaeil Mahdavi
Esmaeil Mahdavi
Numerade Educator
00:48

Problem 32

Which is larger, a gram or an ounce?

Dalia Fantini
Dalia Fantini
University of Pittsburgh - Main Campus
00:57

Problem 33

Which is larger, a kilogram or a pound?

Dr. Satish Ingale
Dr. Satish Ingale
Numerade Educator
00:52

Problem 34

Which is larger, a metric ton or an English short ton? (There are 2000 pounds per English short ton.)

Aadit Sharma
Aadit Sharma
Numerade Educator
07:22

Problem 35

On July 4, 1997, after a 7-month trip, the Pathfinder spacecraft landed on Mars and released a small robot rover called Sojourner. The weight of an object on Mars is about $38 \%$ of the weight of the same object on Earth.
a. Explain why the weight of an object is less on Mars than on Earth.
b. Describe the changes (if any) in the mass and in the weight of the rover Sojourner as the Pathfinder spacecraft moved from Earth to the surface of Mars. Explain your answer.

Nicholas Majtenyi
Nicholas Majtenyi
Numerade Educator
00:22

Problem 36

Which is larger, a degree Celsius or a degree Fahrenheit?

Donald Albin
Donald Albin
Numerade Educator
00:49

Problem 37

How does a degree Celsius compare to a kelvin?

Arron Martel
Arron Martel
Numerade Educator
00:45

Problem 38

Which is the smallest increase in temperature: $10^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ (such as from $100^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ to $110{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$ ), 10 K (such as from 100 K to 110 K ), or $10^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ (such as from $100^{\circ} \mathrm{F}$ to $\left.110^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right)$ ?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
04:22

Problem 39

Is the temperature around you now closer to $100 \mathrm{~K}, 200 \mathrm{~K}$, or 300 K ?

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
Numerade Educator
03:48

Problem 40

You find an old bathroom scale at a garage sale on your way home from getting a physical exam from your doctor. You step on the scale, and it reads 135 lb . You step off and step back on, and it reads 134 lb . You do this three more times and get readings of $135 \mathrm{lb}, 136 \mathrm{lb}$, and 135 lb .
a. What is the precision of this old bathroom scale? Would you consider this adequate precision for the type of measurement you are making?
b. The much more carefully constructed and better-maintained scale at the doctor's office reads 126 lb . Assuming that you are wearing the same clothes that you wore when the doctor weighed you, do you think the accuracy of the old bathroom scale is high or low?

Andy Chen
Andy Chen
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 41

Given the following values that are derived from measurements, what do you assume is the range of possible values that each represents?
a. 30.5 m (the length of a whale)
b. 612 g (the mass of a basketball)
c. 1.98 m (Michael Jordan's height)
d. $9.1096 \times 10^{-28} \mathrm{~g}$ (the mass of an electron)
e. $1.5 \times 10^{18} \mathrm{~m}^3$ (the volume of the ocean)

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
02:20

Problem 42

If you are given the following values that come directly or indirectly from measurements, what will you assume is the range of possible values that they represent?
a. 2.2 L (the volume of a basketball)
b. $3 \mu \mathrm{~m}$ (the diameter of a hair)
c. $2.0 \times 10^{-6} \mathrm{~nm}$ (the diameter of a proton)
d. $1.98 \times 10^5 \mathrm{~kg}$ (the mass of a whale)

Mirza Aslam Beig
Mirza Aslam Beig
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 43

The accompanying drawings show portions of metric rulers on which the numbers correspond to centimeters. The dark bars represent the ends of objects being measured.
a. If you were not given any specific instructions for reporting your values, what length would you record for each of these measurements?
Figure Can't Copy

b. If you were told that the lines on the ruler are drawn accurately to $\pm 0.1 \mathrm{~cm}$, how would you report these two lengths?

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
04:17

Problem 44

The images below show a typical thermometer at two different temperatures. The units are degrees Celsius.
Figure Can't Copy

a. If you were not given any specific instructions for reporting your values, what temperature would you record for each of these readings?
b. If you were told that the lines on the thermometer are drawn accurately to $\pm 1^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, how would you report these two temperatures?

Khoobchandra Agrawal
Khoobchandra Agrawal
Numerade Educator
02:10

Problem 45

At a track meet, three different timers report the times for the winner of a $100-\mathrm{m}$ sprint as $10.51 \mathrm{~s}, 10.32 \mathrm{~s}$, and 10.43 s . The average is 10.42 s . How would you report the time of the sprinter in a way that reflects the uncertainty of the measurements?

Jennifer Hudspeth
Jennifer Hudspeth
Numerade Educator
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Problem 46

Suppose that five students read a thermometer and reported temperatures of $86.6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 86.8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 86.6^{\circ} \mathrm{C}, 86.8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$, and $87.0^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. The average of these values is $86.8^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. How would you report this average to reflect its uncertainty?

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
03:39

Problem 47

The image below represents the digital display on a typical electronic balance.
a. If the reading represents the mass of a solid object that you carefully cleaned and dried and then handled without contaminating it, how would you report this mass?
b. Now assume that the reading is for a more casually handled sample of a liquid and its container. Let's assume not only that you were less careful with your procedure this time but also that the liquid is evaporating rapidly enough for the reading to be continually decreasing. In the amount of time that the container of liquid has been sitting on the pan of the balance, the mass reading has decreased by about 0.001 g . How would you report the mass?

RZ
Rubeena Zulfiqar
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 48

Develop your own system of measurement for length, mass, and volume based on the objects in your immediate surroundings. Your system should have clearly defined units and abbreviations.
a. What unit could you use to measure the length of a desk?...the distance from here to the moon?...the diameter of an atom? What abbreviations could you use for each of these units?
b. What unit could you use to measure the mass of this book?...the mass of Godzilla?...the mass of a cat's whisker? What abbreviations could you use for each of these units?
c. What unit could you use to measure the volume of the water that a bathtub holds?...the volume of the planet Jupiter?...the volume of a pencil? What abbreviations could you use for each of these units?

Teresa Fuston
Teresa Fuston
Numerade Educator