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Principles of Instrumental Analysis

Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. Crouch

Chapter 26

An Introduction to Chromatographic Separations - all with Video Answers

Educators


Chapter Questions

04:24

Problem 1

Define
(a) elution
(b) mobile phase
(c) stationary phase
(d) distribution constant
(e) retention time
(f) retention factor
(g) volumetric flow rate
(h) linear flow velocity
(i) selectivity factor
(j) plate height
(k) column resolution
(l) longitudinal diffusion

Amit Srivastava
Amit Srivastava
Numerade Educator
05:47

Problem 2

Describe the general elution problem.

Danielle Ashley
Danielle Ashley
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 3

List the variables that lead to zone broadening in chromatography.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 4

What are the major differences between gas-liquid and liquid-liquid chromatography?

AM
Andrew Macphail
Numerade Educator
01:19

Problem 5

What are the differences between liquid-liquid and liquid-solid chromatography?

Prabhu Ramji
Prabhu Ramji
Numerade Educator
02:20

Problem 6

What variables are likely to affect the selectivity factor $\alpha$ for a pair of analytes?

Dr. Anas Syed
Dr. Anas Syed
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 7

Describe how the retention factor for a solute can be manipulated.

Charles Thomas
Charles Thomas
Numerade Educator
01:50

Problem 8

Describe a method for determining the number of plates in a column.

Elizabeth Xu
Elizabeth Xu
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 9

Name two general methods for improving the resolution of two substances on a chromatographic column.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
09:52

Problem 10

Why does the minimum in a plot of plate height versus flow rate occur at lower flow rates with LC than with GC?

Susan Hallstrom
Susan Hallstrom
Numerade Educator
03:24

Problem 11

What is gradient elution?

Meredith Moody
Meredith Moody
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 12

List the variables in chromatography that lead to zone separation.

David Collins
David Collins
Numerade Educator
00:32

Problem 13

What would be the effect on a chromatographic peak of introducing the sample at too slow a rate?

Gaurav Kalra
Gaurav Kalra
Numerade Educator
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Problem 14

The following data are for a liquid chromatographic column
$$\begin{array}{ll}
\hline \text { Length of packing } & 24.7 \mathrm{cm} \\
\text { Flow rate } & 0.313 \mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{min} \\
V_{\mathrm{M}} & 1.37 \mathrm{mL} \\
V_{\mathrm{s}} & 0.164 \mathrm{mL} \\
\hline
\end{array}$$
A chromatogram of a mixture of species $\mathrm{A}, \mathrm{B}, \mathrm{C},$ and $\mathrm{D}$ provided the following data:
$$\begin{array}{lcc}
& \begin{array}{c}
\text { Retention } \\
\text { Time, min }
\end{array} & \begin{array}{c}
\text { Width of Peak } \\
\text { Base }(W), \min
\end{array} \\
\hline \text { Nonretained } & 3.1 & - \\
\text { A } & 6.2 & 0.49 \\
\text { B } & 13.3 & 1.07 \\
\text { C } & 15.7 & 1.32 \\
\text { D } & 21.6 & 1.72
\end{array}$$
Calculate
(a) the number of plates from each peak.
(b) the mean and the standard deviation for $N$
(c) the plate height for the column.

Victor Salazar
Victor Salazar
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 15

From the data in Problem $26-14,$ calculate for $A, B, C,$ and $D$
(a) the retention factor.
(b) the distribution constant.

Sarah Wallace
Sarah Wallace
Numerade Educator
02:17

Problem 16

From the data in Problem $26-14,$ calculate for species $\mathrm{B}$ and $\mathrm{C}$.
(a) the resolution.
(b) the selectivity factor $\alpha .$
(c) the length of column necessary to separate the two species with a resolution of $2.5 .$
(d) the time required to separate the two species on the column in part (c).

Christian Otero
Christian Otero
Numerade Educator
01:07

Problem 17

From the data in Problem $26-14,$ calculate for species $\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{D}$
(a) the resolution.
(b) the length of column necessary to separate the two species with a resolution of $2.5 .$

Manisha Sarker
Manisha Sarker
Numerade Educator
00:34

Problem 18

The following data were obtained by gas-liquid chromatography on a $40-\mathrm{cm}$ packed column:
$$\begin{array}{lcc}
\text { Compound } & t_{\mathrm{R}}, \min & W, \min \\
\hline \text { Air } & 1.9 & - \\
\text { Methylcyclohexane } & 10.0 & 0.76 \\
\text { Methylcyclohexene } & 10.9 & 0.82 \\
\text { Toluene } & 13.4 & 1.06
\end{array}$$
Calculate
(a) an average number of plates from the data.
(b) the standard deviation for the average in (a).
(c) an average plate height for the column.

Maxime Rossetti
Maxime Rossetti
Numerade Educator
08:53

Problem 19

Referring to Problem $26-18,$ calculate the resolution for
(a) methylcyclohexene and methylcyclohexane.
(b) methylcyclohexene and toluene.
(c) methylcyclohexane and toluene.

Ronald Prasad
Ronald Prasad
Numerade Educator
05:07

Problem 20

If a resolution of 1.5 is desired in separating methylcyclohexane and methylcyclohexene in Problem $26-18$,
(a) how many plates are required?
(b) how long must the column be if the same packing is used?
(c) what is the retention time for methylcyclohexene on the column of part (b)?

William Affel
William Affel
Numerade Educator
02:39

Problem 21

If $V_{S}$ and $V_{M}$ for the column in Problem $26-18$ are 19.6 and $62.6 \mathrm{mL}$, respectively, and a nonretained air peak appears after 1.9 min, calculate
(a) the retention factor for each compound.
(b) the distribution constant for each compound.
(c) the selectivity factor for methylcyclohexane and methylcyclohexene.

Rashmi Sinha
Rashmi Sinha
Numerade Educator
09:33

Problem 22

The relative areas for the five gas chromatographic peaks obtained in the separation of five steroids are given next. Also shown are the relative responses of the detector to the five compounds. Calculate the percentage of each component in the mixture.
(TABLE CANNOT COPY)

Temi Ajayi
Temi Ajayi
Numerade Educator
02:43

Problem 23

A chromatogram of a two-component mixture on a $25-\mathrm{cm}$ packed LC column is shown in the following figure. The flow rate was 0.40 $\mathrm{mL} / \mathrm{min.}$
(a) Find the times that components $A$ and $B$ spend in the stationary phase.
(b) Find the retention times for A and B.
(c) Determine the retention factors for the two components.
(d) Find the full widths of each peak and the full width at half-maximum values.
(e) Find the resolution of the two peaks.

Sachin Rao
Sachin Rao
Numerade Educator