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Materials Science and Engineering. An Introduction

William D. Callister

Chapter 13

Applications and Processing of Ceramics - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

02:50

Problem 1

Cite the two desirable characteristics of glasses.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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02:36

Problem 2

(a) What is crystallization?
(b) Cite two properties that may be improved by crystallization.

Shazia Naz
Shazia Naz
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05:43

Problem 3

For refractory ceramic materials, cite three characteristics that improve with and two characteristics that are adversely affected by increasing porosity.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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02:11

Problem 4

Find the maximum temperature to which the following two magnesia-alumina refractory materials may be heated before a liquid phase will appear.
(a) A spinel-bonded magnesia material of composition $88.5 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{MgO}-11.5 \mathrm{wt} \%$ $\mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$.
(b) A magnesia-alumina spinel of composition $25 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{MgO}-75 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$. Consult Figure 12.25.

Manik Pulyani
Manik Pulyani
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04:35

Problem 5

Upon consideration of the $\mathrm{SiO}_2-\mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$ phase diagram, Figure 12.27, for each pair of the following list of compositions, which would you judge to be the more desirable refractory? Justify your choices.
(a) $99.8 \mathrm{wt} \% \quad \mathrm{SiO}_2-0.2 \mathrm{wt} \% \quad \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$ and $99.0 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{SiO}_2-1.0 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$
(b) $70 \quad \mathrm{wt} \% \quad \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3-30 \quad \mathrm{wt} \% \quad \mathrm{SiO}_2$ and $74 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3-26 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{SiO}_2$
(c) $90 \quad w t \% \quad \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3-10 \quad \mathrm{wt} \% \quad \mathrm{SiO}_2$ and $95 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3-5 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{SiO}_2$

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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04:06

Problem 6

Compute the mass fractions of liquid in the following fireclay refractory materials at $1600^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\left(2910^{\circ} \mathrm{F}\right):$
(a) $25 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3-75 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{SiO}_2$
(b) $45 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3-55 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{SiO}_2$

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
Numerade Educator
03:08

Problem 7

For the $\mathrm{MgO}-\mathrm{Al}_2 \mathrm{O}_3$ system, what is the maximum temperature that is possible without the formation of a liquid phase? At what composition or over what range of compositions will this maximum temperature be achieved?

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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04:23

Problem 8

Compare the manner in which the aggregate particles become bonded together in clay-based mixtures during firing and in cements during setting.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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03:15

Problem 9

Soda and lime are added to a glass batch in the form of soda ash $\left(\mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{CO}_3\right)$ and limestone $\left(\mathrm{CaCO}_3\right)$. During heating, these two ingredients decompose to give off carbon dioxide $\left(\mathrm{CO}_2\right)$, the resulting products being soda and lime. Compute the weight of soda ash and limestone that must be added to $125 \mathrm{lb}_{\mathrm{m}}$ of quartz $\left(\mathrm{SiO}_2\right)$ to yield a glass of composition $78 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{SiO}_2, 17 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{Na}_2 \mathrm{O}$, and $5 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{CaO}$.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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02:36

Problem 10

What is the distinction between glass transition temperature and melting temperature?

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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01:53

Problem 11

Compare the temperatures at which sodalime, borosilicate, $96 \%$ silica, and fused silica may be annealed.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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01:54

Problem 12

Compare the softening points for $96 \%$ silica, borosilicate, and soda-lime glasses.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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03:54

Problem 13

The viscosity $\eta$ of a glass varies with temperature according to the relationship

$$
\eta=A \exp \left(\frac{Q_{\mathrm{vis}}}{R T}\right)
$$

where $Q_{\text {vis }}$ is the energy of activation for viscous flow, $A$ is a temperature-independent constant, and $R$ and $T$ are, respectively, the gas constant and the absolute temperature. A plot of $\ln \eta$ versus $1 / T$ should be nearly linear, and with a slope of $Q_{\text {vis }} / R$. Using the data in Figure 13.7, (a) make such a plot for the soda-lime glass, and (b) determine the activation energy between temperatures of 900 and $1600^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
Numerade Educator
04:23

Problem 14

For many viscous materials, the viscosity $\eta$ may be defined in terms of the expression

$$
\eta=\frac{\sigma}{d \epsilon / d t}
$$

where $\sigma$ and $d \epsilon / d t$ are, respectively, the tensile stress and the strain rate. A cylindrical specimen of a borosilicate glass of diameter 4 mm ( 0.16 in.$)$ and length 125 mm ( 4.9 in .) is subjected to a tensile force of $2 \mathrm{~N}\left(0.45 \mathrm{lb}_f\right)$ along its axis. If its deformation is to be less than $2.5 \mathrm{~mm}(0.10 \mathrm{in}$.$) over a week's time,$ using Figure 13.7, determine the maximum temperature to which the specimen may be heated.
activation energy between temperatures of 900 and $1600^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$.
14 For many viscous materials, the viscosity $\eta$ may be defined in terms of the expression

$$
\eta=\frac{\sigma}{d \epsilon / d t}
$$

where $\sigma$ and $d \epsilon / d t$ are, respectively, the tensile stress and the strain rate. A cylindrical specimen of a borosilicate glass of diameter 4 mm ( 0.16 in.$)$ and length 125 mm ( 4.9 in .) is subjected to a tensile force of $2 \mathrm{~N}\left(0.45 \mathrm{lb}_f\right)$ along its axis. If its deformation is to be less than $2.5 \mathrm{~mm}(0.10 \mathrm{in}$.$) over a week's time,$ using Figure 13.7, determine the maximum temperature to which the specimen may be heated.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
Numerade Educator
03:18

Problem 15

(a) Explain why residual thermal stresses are introduced into a glass piece when it is cooled.
(b) Are thermal stresses introduced upon heating? Why or why not?

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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02:52

Problem 16

Borosilicate glasses and fused silica are resistant to thermal shock. Why is this so?

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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03:08

Problem 17

In your own words, briefly describe what happens as a glass piece is thermally tempered.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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01:55

Problem 18

Glass pieces may also be strengthened by chemical tempering. With this procedure, the glass surface is put in a state of compression by exchanging some of the cations near the surface with other cations having a larger diameter. Suggest one type of cation that, by replacing $\mathrm{Na}^{+}$, will induce chemical tempering in a soda-lime glass.
rication and Processing of Clay Products

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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01:58

Problem 19

Cite the two desirable characteristics of clay minerals relative to fabrication processes.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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03:16

Problem 20

From a molecular perspective, briefly explain the mechanism by which clay minerals become hydroplastic when water is added.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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04:38

Problem 21

(a) What are the three main components of a whiteware ceramic such as porcelain?
(b) What role does each component play in the forming and firing procedures?

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
Numerade Educator
03:20

Problem 22

(a) Why is it so important to control the rate of drying of a ceramic body that has been hydroplastically formed or slip cast?
(b) Cite three factors that influence the rate of drying, and explain how each affects the rate.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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02:08

Problem 23

Cite one reason why drying shrinkage is greater for slip cast or hydroplastic products that have smaller clay particles.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
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04:23

Problem 24

(a) Name three factors that influence the degree to which vitrification occurs in claybased ceramic wares.
(b) Explain how density, firing distortion, strength, corrosion resistance, and thermal conductivity are affected by the extent of vitrification.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
Numerade Educator
02:27

Problem 25

Some ceramic materials are fabricated by hot isostatic pressing. Cite some of the limitations and difficulties associated with this technique.

Babak Fotoohi
Babak Fotoohi
Numerade Educator