# Chemistry 2012

## Educators

RP

### Problem 1

Compounds A and B are colorless gases obtained by combining sulfur with oxygen. Compound A results from combining 6.00 g of sulfur with 5.99 g of oxygen, and compound B results from combining 8.60 g of sulfur with 12.88 g of oxygen. Show that the mass ratios in the two compounds are simple multiples of each other.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 2

The gold foil Rutherford used in his scattering experiment had a thickness of approximately 0.005 mm. If a single gold atom has a diameter of $29 \times 10^{-8} {cm}$ how many atoms thick was Rutherford’s foil?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 3

A small speck of carbon the size of a pinhead contains about $10^{19}$ atoms, the diameter of a carbon atom is $15 \times 10^{-10} {m}$ and the circumference of the Earth at the equator is 40,075 km. How many times around the Earth would the atoms from this speck of carbon extend if they were laid side by side?

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### Problem 4

The isotope $\frac{75}{34} {Se}$ is used medically for the diagnosis of pancreatic disorders. How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does an atom of $\frac{75}{34} {Se}$have?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 5

Chlorine, one of the elements in common table salt (sodium chloride), has two main isotopes, with mass numbers 35 and 37. Look up the atomic number of chlorine, tell how many neutrons each isotope contains, and give the standard symbol for each.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 6

An atom of element X contains 47 protons and 62 neutrons. Identify the element, and write the symbol for the isotope in the standard format.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 7

Copper metal has two naturally occurring isotopes: copper-63 (69.15%; isotopic mass = 62.93 amu) and copper-65 (30.85%; isotopic mass = 64.93 amu). Calculate the atomic mass of copper, and check your answer in a periodic table.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 8

Based on your answer to Problem 2.7, how many atoms of copper are in an old penny made of pure copper and weighing 2.15 g?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 9

What is the mass in grams of each of the following samples?
(a) 1.505 mol of Ti (b) 0.337 mol of Na (c) 2.583 mol of U

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 10

How many moles are in each of the following samples?
(a) 11.51 g of Ti (b) 29.127 g of Na (c) 1.477 kg of U

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 11

Write a balanced nuclear equation for each of the following processes:
(a) Beta emission from ruthenium$1-106 : \quad \frac{106}{44} {Ru} \rightarrow$ $_{-1}^{0}{e}$ $+?$
(b) Alpha emission from bismuth$-189 : : 89 \mathrm{Bi} \rightarrow \frac{4}{2} \mathrm{He}+?$
(c) Electron capture by polonium$-204 :^{204} \mathrm{Po}+_{-1}^{0} \mathrm{e} \rightarrow ?$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 12

What particle is produced by decay of thorium-214 to radium-210? $^{214} \mathrm{Th} \rightarrow^{210} \mathrm{Ra}+?$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 13

Identify the isotopes involved, and tell what type of decay process is occurring in the following nuclear reaction:

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 14

a) Of the two isotopes$^ {173}{Au}$ and $^{199} {A} {u}$ , one decays by $\beta$ emission and one decays by \alpha emission. Which does which?
b) Of the two isotopes $^{186} {Pb}$ and $^{206} {Pb}$ , one is nonradioactive and one decays by
positron emission. Which is which?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 15

Draw the structural formula of methylamine, ${CH}_{5} {N}$, a substance responsible for the odor of rotting fish. The carbon atom is bonded to the nitrogen atom and to three hydrogens. The nitrogen atom is bonded to the carbon and two hydrogens.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 16

Methionine, one of the 20 amino acid building blocks from which proteins are made, has the following structure. What is the chemical formula of methionine? In writing the formula, list the element symbols in alphabetical order and give the number of each element as a subscript.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 17

Which of the following drawings represents a collection of hydrogen peroxide (${H}_{2} {O}_{2}$) molecules? The red spheres represent oxygen atoms and the ivory spheres represent hydrogen.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 18

Adrenaline, the so-called “flight or fight” hormone, can be represented by the following ball-and-stick model. What is the chemical formula of adrenaline? (Gray = C, ivory = H, red = O, blue = N)

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 19

Which of the following compounds would you expect to be ionic and which molecular (covalent)?
(a) LiBr (b) SiCl$_{4}$ (c) BF$_{3}$ (d) CaO

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 20

Which of the following drawings is most likely to represent an ionic compound and which a molecular (covalent) compound? Explain.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 21

Give systematic names for the following compounds:
(a) CsF (b) ${K}_{2}{O}$ (c) CuO (d) BaS (e) ${BeBr}_{2}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 22

Write formulas for the following compounds:
(a) Vanadium(III) chloride (b) Manganese(IV) oxide
(c) Copper(II) sulfide (d) Aluminum oxide

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 23

Three binary ionic compounds are represented on the following periodic table: red with red, green with green, and blue with blue. Name each, and tell its likely formula.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 24

Give systematic names for the following compounds:
(a) ${NCl}_{3}$ (b) ${P}_{4} {O}_{6}$ (c) ${S}_{2} {F}_{2}$ (d) ${SeO}_{2}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 25

Write formulas for compounds with the following names:
(a) Disulfur dichloride (b) Iodine monochloride
(c) Nitrogen triiodide

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 26

Give systematic names for the following compounds:

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 27

Give systematic names for the following compounds:
(a) ${Ca}({ClO})_{2}$ (b) ${Ag}_{2} {S}_{2} {O}_{3}$ (c) ${NaH}_{2} {PO}_{4}$
(d) ${Sn}({NO}_{3})_{2}$ (e) ${Pb}({CH}_{3} {CO}_{2})_{4}$ (f) $({NH}_{4})_{2} {SO}_{4}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 28

Write formulas for the following compounds:
(a) Lithium phosphate (b) Magnesium hydrogen sulfate
(c) Manganese(II) nitrate (d) Chromium(III) sulfate

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 29

The following drawings are those of solid ionic compounds, with red spheres representing the cations and blue spheres representing the anions in each.
Which of the following formulas are consistent with each drawing?
(a) LiBr (b) ${NaNO}_{2}$ (c) ${CaCl}_{2}$
(d) ${K}_{2} {CO}_{3}$ (e) ${Fe}_{2}({SO}_{4})_{3}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 30

What two elements are thought to be the first ones formed in the big bang?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 31

In the following drawings, red spheres represent cations and blue spheres represent anions. Match each of the drawings (a)–(d) with the following ionic compounds:
(i) $\mathrm{Ca}_{3}\left(\mathrm{PO}_{4}\right)_{2}$ (ii) $\mathrm{Li}_{2} \mathrm{CO}_{3}$
(iii) $\mathrm{FeCl}_{2}$ (iv) $\mathrm{MgSO}_{4}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 32

If yellow spheres represent sulfur atoms and red spheres represent oxygen atoms, which of the following drawings shows a collection of sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) units?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 33

Assume that the mixture of substances in drawing (a) undergoes a reaction. Which of the drawings (b)–(d) represents a product mixture consistent with the law of mass conservation?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 34

If red and blue spheres represent atoms of different elements, which two of the following drawings illustrate the law of multiple proportions?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 35

Which of the following three drawings represents a neutral Na atom, which repreents a Ca atom with two positive electrical charges $\left(\mathrm{Ca}^{2+}\right),$ and which represents an $\mathrm{F}$ atom
with one minus charge (F $)$ ?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 36

Give molecular formulas corresponding to each of the following ball-and-stick molecular representations (red = O, gray = C, blue = N, ivory = H). In writing the formula, list the elements in alphabetical order.
(a) Alanine (an amino acid)
(b) Ethylene glycol (automobile antifreeze)
(c) Acetic acid (vinegar)

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 37

Isotope A decays to isotope E through the following series of steps, in which the products of the individual decay events are themselves radioactive and undergo further decay until a stable nucleus is ultimately reached. Two kinds of processes are represented, one by the shorter arrows pointing right and the other by the longer arrows pointing left.
(a) To what kind of nuclear decay process does each kind of arrow correspond?
(b) Identify and write the symbol X for each isotope in the series:

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 38

How does Dalton’s atomic theory account for the law of mass conservation and the law of definite proportions?

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### Problem 39

What is the law of multiple proportions, and how does Dalton’s atomic theory account for it?

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### Problem 40

A sample of mercury with a mass of 114.0 g was combined with 12.8 g of oxygen gas, and the resulting reaction gave 123.1 g of mercury(II) oxide. How much oxygen was left over after the reaction was complete?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 41

A sample of CaCO, was heated, causing it to form CaO and $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ gas. Solid CaO remained behind, while the $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ escaped to the atmosphere. If the $\mathrm{CaCO}_{3}$ weighed 612 $\mathrm{g}$ and the CaO weighed 343 g, how many grams of $\mathrm{CO}_{2}$ were formed in the reaction?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 42

Benzene, ethane, and ethylene are just three of a large number of hydrocarbons—compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Show how the following data are consistent with the law of multiple proportions.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 43

In addition to carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide $\left(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\right),$ there is a third compound of carbon and oxygen called carbon suboxide. If a 2.500 g sample of carbon suboxide contains 1.32 g of C and 1.18 g of O, show that the law of multiple proportions is followed.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 44

The atomic mass of carbon (12.011 amu) is approximately 12 times that of hydrogen (1.008 amu).
(a) Show how you can use this knowledge to calculate possible formulas for benzene, ethane, and ethylene (Problem 2.42).
(b) Show how your answer to part (a) is consistent with the actual formulas for benzene $\left(\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{6}\right),$ ethane $\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6}\right),$ and
ethylene $\left(\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{4}\right)$

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### Problem 45

What is a possible formula for carbon suboxide (Problem 2.43)?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 46

If the atomic mass of an element is $x,$ what is the mass in grams of $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ atoms of the element?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 47

If $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ atoms of element $Y$ have a mass of 83.80 $\mathrm{g}$ , what is the identity of $\mathrm{Y}$ ?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 48

If the atomic mass of an element is $x,$ what is the mass in grams of $3.17 \times 10^{2}$ atoms of the element?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 49

If $4.61 \times 10^{21}$ atoms of element $Z$ have a mass of 0.815 g, what is the identity of $Z ?$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 50

A compound of zinc and sulfur contains 67.1% zinc by mass. What is the ratio of zinc and sulfur atoms in the compound?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 51

There are two compounds of titanium and chlorine. One compound contains 31.04% titanium by mass, and the other contains 74.76% chlorine by mass. What are the ratios of titanium and chlorine atoms in the two compounds?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 52

In methane, one part hydrogen combines with three parts carbon by mass. If a sample of a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen contains 32.0 g of carbon and 8.0 g of hydrogen, could the sample be methane? If the sample is not methane, show that the law of multiple proportions is followed for methane and this other substance.

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### Problem 53

In borane, one part hydrogen combines with 3.6 parts boron by mass. A compound containing only hydrogen and boron contains 6.0 g of hydrogen and 43.2 g of boron. Could this compound be borane? If it is not borane, show that the law of multiple proportions is followed for borane and this other substance.

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### Problem 54

What is the difference between an atom’s atomic number and its mass number?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 55

What is the difference between an element’s atomic number and its atomic mass?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 56

The subscript giving the atomic number of an atom is often left off when writing an isotope symbol. For example, $^{13} \mathrm{C}$ is often written simply as $^{13} \mathrm{C}$ Why is this allowable?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 57

Iodine has a lower atomic mass than tellurium (126.90 for iodine, 127.60 for tellurium) even though it has a higher atomic number (53 for iodine, 52 for tellurium). Explain.

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### Problem 58

Copper has two naturally occurring isotopes, including $^{65}$ Cu. Look at the periodic table and tell whether the second isotope is $^{63} \mathrm{Cu}$ or $^{66} \mathrm{Cu} .$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 59

Sulfur has four naturally occurring isotopes, including $^{33} \mathrm{S}$ $^{34} \mathrm{S} and$^{36} \mathrm{S}. Look at the periodic table and tell whether the fourth isotope is $^{32} \mathrm{S}$ or $^{35} \mathrm{S}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 60

Give the names and symbols for the following elements:
(a) An element with atomic number 6
(b) An element with 18 protons in its nucleus
(c) An element with 23 electrons

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 61

The radioactive isotope cesium-137 was produced in large amounts in fallout from the 1985 nuclear power plant disaster at Chernobyl, Ukraine. Write the symbol for this isotope in standard format.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 62

Write symbols for the following isotopes:
(a) Radon-220
(b) Polonium-210
(c) Gold-197

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 63

Write symbols for the following isotopes:
(a) Z = 58 and A = 140
(b) Z = 27 and A = 60

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 64

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in each of the following atoms?
a) $\frac{15}{7} \mathrm{N}$ b) $\frac{60}{27} \mathrm{Co}$ c) $\frac{131}{53} \mathrm{I}$
d) $\frac{142}{58} \mathrm{Ce}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 65

How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of the following atoms?
(a) $^{27} \mathrm{Al}$ (b) $^{32} \mathrm{S}$ (c) $^{64} \mathrm{Zn}$
(d) $^{207} \mathrm{Pb}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 66

Identify the following elements:
a) $\stackrel{24}{12} \mathrm{X}$ b) $\frac{58}{28} x$ c)$\frac{104}{46} x$
d) $\frac{183}{74} \mathrm{X}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 67

Identify the following elements:
a) $\frac{202}{80} {X}$ b) $\frac{195}{78} {X}$ c) $\frac{184}{76} {X}$
d) $\frac{209}{83} {X}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 68

Which of the following isotope symbols can’t be correct?
$^{18}_{9} \mathrm{F}$ $^{12}_{5} \mathrm{C}$ $^{18}_{8} \mathrm{O}$ $^{11}_{5} \mathrm{BO}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 69

Which of the following isotope symbols can't be correct?
$^{14}_{7} {Ni}$ $^{131}_{54} {Xe}$ $^{54}_{26} {Fe}$ $^{73}_{23} {Ge}$ $^{1}_{2} {He}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 70

Naturally occurring boron consists of two isotopes: $^{10}$ ${B}(19.9 \%)$ with an isotopic mass of 10.0129 amu and $^{11}$ ${B}(80.1 \%)$ with an isotopic mass of 11.00931 amu. What is the atomic mass of boron? Check your answer by looking at a periodic table.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 71

Naturally occurring silver consists of two isotopes: $^{107} \mathrm{Ag}$ (51.84%) with an isotopic mass of 106.9051 amu and $^{109} \mathrm{Ag}$ (48.16%) with an isotopic mass of 108.9048 amu.
What is the atomic mass of silver? Check your answer in a periodic table.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 72

Magnesium has three naturally occurring isotopes: $^{24} \mathrm{Mg}$ (23.985 amu) with 78.99% abundance, $^{25} \mathrm{Mg}$ (24.986 amu) with 10.00% abundance, and a third with 11.01% abundance. Look up the atomic mass of magnesium, and then calculate the mass of the third isotope.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 73

A sample of naturally occurring silicon consists of $^{28} \mathrm{SI}$ (27.9769 amu), $^{29} \mathrm{SI}$ and $^{30} \mathrm{SI}$ (29.9738 amu). If the atomic mass of silicon is 28.0855 amu and the natural abundance of $^{29} \mathrm{SI}$ is 4.68%, what are the natural abundances $^{28} \mathrm{SI}$ and $^{30} \mathrm{SI}?$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 74

Positron emission and electron capture both give a product nucleus whose atomic number is 1 less than the starting nucleus. Explain.

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### Problem 75

What is the difference between an particle and a helium atom?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 76

Why does beta emission raise the atomic number of the product while positron emission lowers the atomic number?

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### Problem 77

Why do nuclei that are neutron rich emit b particles, but nuclei that are neutron poor emit a particles or positrons or undergo electron capture?

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### Problem 78

Complete and balance the following nuclear equations:
a) $^{126}_{50} {Sn}\rightarrow \stackrel{0}{-1} {e}+?$ b) $^{210}_{88} {Ra}\rightarrow \stackrel{4}{2} {He}+?$
c) $^{77}_{37} {Rb}\rightarrow \stackrel{0}{-1} {e}+?$ d) $^{76}_{36} {Kr}\rightarrow \stackrel{0}{-1} {e}+?$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 79

Complete and balance the following nuclear equations:
a)$^{90}_{38} {Sr}\rightarrow_{-1}^{0} e+?$ b) $^{247}_{100} {Fm}\rightarrow_{4}^{2} He+?$
c) $^{49}_{25} {Mn}\rightarrow_{1}^{0} e+?$ c) $^{37}_{18} {Ar}\rightarrow_{-1}^{0} e+?$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 80

What particle is produced in each of the following decay reactions?
a) $^{188}_{80} \mathrm{Hg} \rightarrow^{188}_{79} \mathrm{Au}+?$
b) $^{218} _{85}\mathrm{At} \rightarrow^{214}_{83}\mathrm{Bi}$
c) $_{78}^{170} \mathrm{Pt} \rightarrow^{166}_{76} \mathrm{Os}+?$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 81

What particle is produced in each of the following decay reactions?
a) $_{11}^{24} \mathrm{Na}\rightarrow \stackrel{24}{12} \mathrm{Mg}+?$
b) $_{60}^{135} \mathrm{Nd} \rightarrow ^{135}_{59} \mathrm{Pr}+?$
c) $_{170}^{78} \mathrm{PT} \rightarrow ^{166}_{76} \mathrm{Os}+?$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 82

Write balanced nuclear equations for the following processes:
(a) Alpha emission of $^{162} \mathrm{Re}$
(b) Electron capture of $^{138} \mathrm{Sm}$
(c) Beta emission of $^{188} \mathrm{W}$
(d) Positron emission of $^{165} \mathrm{Ta}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 83

Write balanced nuclear equations for the following processes:
(a) Beta emission of $^{157} \mathrm{Eu}$
(b) Electron capture of $^{126} \mathrm{Ba}$
(c) Alpha emission of $^{146} \mathrm{Sm}$
(d) Positron emission of $^{125} \mathrm{Ba}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 84

Of the two isotopes of tungsten, $^{160} \mathrm{W}$ and $^{185} \mathrm{W}$ one decays by $\beta$ emission and one decays by $\alpha$ emission. Which does which? Explain.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 85

Of the two isotopes of iodine, $^{136} \mathrm{I},$ and $^{122} \mathrm{I},$ one decays by $\beta$ emission and one decays by positron emission. Which does which? Explain.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 86

Americium-241, a radioisotope used in smoke detectors, decays by a series of 12 reactions involving sequential loss of $\alpha, \alpha, \beta, \alpha, \alpha, \beta, \alpha, \alpha, \alpha, \alpha, \alpha,$ and $\beta$ particles. Identify each intermediate nucleus and the final stable product nucleus.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 87

Radon-2222 decays by a series of three $\alpha$ emissions and two $\beta$ emissions. What is the final stable nucleus?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 88

Thorium-232 decays by a 10 -step series, ultimately yielding lead-208. How many $\alpha$ particles and how many $\beta$ particles are emitted?

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### Problem 89

How many $\alpha$ particles and how many $\beta$ particles are emitted in the 11 -step decay of $^{235} \mathrm{U}$ into $^{207} \mathrm{Pb}$ ?

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### Problem 90

What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond? Give an example of each.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 91

Which of the following bonds are likely to be covalent and which ionic? Explain.
(a) B...Br (b) Na...Br (c) Br...Cl (d) O...Br

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 92

The symbol CO stands for carbon monoxide, but the symbol Co stands for the element cobalt. Explain.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 93

Correct the error in each of the following statements:
(a) The formula of ammonia is NH3.
(b) Molecules of potassium chloride have the formula KCl.
(c) Cl$^{-}$ is a cation.
(d) ${CH}_{4}$ is a polyatomic ion.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 94

How many protons and electrons are in each of the following ions?
(a) ${Be}^{2+}$ (b) ${Rb}^{+}$ (c) 5$e^{2-}$ (d) ${Au}^{3+}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 95

What is the identity of the element X in the following ions?
(a) $X^{2+},$ a cation that has 36 electrons
(b) $X^{-},$ an anion that has 36 electrons

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 96

The structural formula of isopropyl alcohol, better known as “rubbing alcohol,” is shown. What is the chemical formula of isopropyl alcohol?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 97

Lactic acid, a compound found both in sour milk and in tired muscles, has the structure shown. What is its chemical formula?

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 98

Butane, the fuel used in disposable lighters, has the formula $\mathrm{C}_{4} \mathrm{H}_{10}$ The carbon atoms are connected in the sequence C¬C¬C¬C, and each carbon has four covalent bonds. Draw the structural formula of butane.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 99

Cyclohexane, $\mathrm{C}_{6} \mathrm{H}_{12}$ is an important starting material used in the industrial synthesis of nylon. Each carbon has four covalent bonds, two to hydrogen and two to other carbons.
Draw the structural formula of cyclohexane.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 100

Isooctane, the substance in gasoline from which the term octane rating derives, has the formula $\mathrm{C}_{8} \mathrm{H}_{18}$ Each carbon has four covalent bonds, and the atoms are connected in the sequence shown. Draw the complete structural formula of isooctane.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 101

Fructose, ${C}_{6} {H}_{12} {O}_{6}$ is the sweetest naturally occurring sugar and is found in many fruits and berries. Each carbon has four covalent bonds, each oxygen has two covalent bonds, each hydrogen has one covalent bond, and the atoms are connected in the sequence shown. Draw the complete structural formula of fructose.

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 102

Write formulas for the following binary compounds:
(a) Potassium chloride (b) Tin(II) bromide
(c) Calcium oxide (d) Barium chloride
(e) Aluminum hydride

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 103

Write formulas for the following compounds:
(a) Calcium acetate (b) Iron(II) cyanide
(c) Sodium dichromate (d) Chromium(III) sulfate
(e) Mercury(II) perchlorate

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 104

Name the following ions:
(a) ${Ba}^{2+}$ (b) ${Cs}^{+}$ (c) ${V}^{3+}$
(d) ${HCO}_{3}^{-}$ (e) ${NH}_{4}^{+}$ (f) ${Ni}^{2+}$
(g) ${NO}_{2}$ (h) ${ClO}_{2}$ (i) ${Mn}^{2+}$
(j) ${ClO}_{4}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 105

Name the following binary molecular compounds:
(a) ${CCl}_{4} \quad$ (b) ${ClO}_{2}$
(c) ${N}_{2} {O} \quad$ (d) ${N}_{2} {O}_{3}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 106

What are the formulas of the compounds formed from the following ions:
(a) ${Ca}^{2+}$ and ${Br}^{-}$
(b) ${Ca}^{2+}$ and ${SO}_{4}^{2-}$
(c) Al'$^{3+}$ and ${SO}_{4}^{2-}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 107

What are the formulas of the compounds formed from the following ions:
(a) ${Na}^{+}$ and ${NO}_{3}^{-}$ (b) ${K}^{+}$ and ${SO}_{4}^{2-} \quad$ (c) ${Sr}^{2+}$ and ${Cl}^{-}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 108

Write formulas for compounds of calcium with each of the following:
(a) chlorine (b) oxygen (c) sulfur

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 109

Write formulas for compounds of rubidium with each of the following:
(a) bromine (b) nitrogen (c) selenium

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 110

Give the formulas and charges of the following ions:
(a) Sulfite ion (b) Phosphate ion
(c) Zirconium(IV) ion (d) Chromate ion
(e) Acetate ion (f) Thiosulfate ion

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 111

What are the charges on the positive ions in the following compounds?
(a) ${Zn}({CN})_{2}$ (b) ${Fe}({NO}_{2})_{3}$
(c) ${Ti}({SO}_{4})_{2}$ (d) ${Sn}_{3}({PO}_{4})_{3}$
(e) ${Hg}_{2} {S}$ (f) ${MnO}_{2}$
(g) ${KIO}_{4}$ (h) ${Cu}({CH}_{3} {CO}_{2})_{2}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 112

Name the following binary compounds of nitrogen and oxygen:
(a) ${NO}$ (b) ${N}_{2} {O}$ (c) ${NO}_{2}$
(d) ${N}_{2} {O}_{4}$ (e) ${N}_{2} {O}_{5}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 113

Name the following binary compounds of sulfur and oxygen:
(a) ${SO}$ (b) ${S}_{2} {O}_{2}$ (c) ${S}_{5} {O}$
(d) ${S}_{7} {O}_{2}$ (e) ${SO}_{3}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 114

Fill in the missing information to give formulas for the following compounds:
a) ${Na}_{?} {SO}_{4}$ b) ${Ba}_{?}({PO}_{4})_{?}$ (c) ${Ga}_{?}({SO}_{4})_{?}$

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

### Problem 115

Write formulas for each of the following compounds:
(a) Sodium peroxide
(b) Aluminum bromide
(c) Chromium(III) sulfate

RP
Ronald P.
Numerade Educator

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