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Laboratory Manual for Introductory Geology

Bradley Deline, Randa Harris, Karen Tefend

Chapter 2

Earth'S Interior - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

02:56

Problem 1

For the following figures, assume North is up.
The following topographic map (Map 3.1) is from a coastal area and features an interesting geological hazard in addition to the Ocean. Using a contour interval of 40 meters, label the elevation of every contour line on the map below. (Note: elevation is meters above sea level, which makes sea level =______ $\mathrm{m}$ ).

Stephanie Gaston
Stephanie Gaston
Numerade Educator
03:54

Problem 1

Observe the velocities of the waves on the graph. Which one travels faster?
a. P waves
b. S waves

Shital Rijal
Shital Rijal
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 2

Inspect the P wave velocities. Where do the P wave velocities abruptly change?
a. $\sim 20 \mathrm{~km}$
b. $\sim 2,900 \mathrm{~km}$
c. $\sim 5,100 \mathrm{~km}$
d. All of the above

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
03:32

Problem 2

For the following figures, assume North is up.
Imagine you are a geologist for the United States Geological Survey. You are tasked with creating your own coastal Topographic map, so you hike around the area with a GPS receiver (Global Positioning System) and every so often you record your position along with the elevation in meters at that point, which results in the following map (Map 3.2). Complete Map $3.2$ by adding in the contour lines using a contour interval of 100 meters. Draw the contour lines so that they are continuous (do not die off), and either continue off the map or form an enclosed circle (look at the topographic map in the problem 1 for an example). More often than not, your contour lines will fall between the GPS points on your map, so do your best to determine the contour line positions.

Suzanne W.
Suzanne W.
Numerade Educator
01:25

Problem 3

In which zones do the $\mathrm{P}$ wave velocities appear to be steadily increasing?
a. $\sim 20-2,900 \mathrm{~km}$
b. $\sim 2,900-5,100 \mathrm{~km}$
c. $\sim 5,100-6,400 \mathrm{~km}$
d. Both a \& b

Ajay Singhal
Ajay Singhal
Numerade Educator
00:25

Problem 3

Refer to the Map $3.3 .$ The following topographic map shows an interesting and informative geological feature called a drumlin, which is a pile of sediment left behind by a retreating glacier.
What is the contour interval on Map 3.3?

Zach Steedman
Zach Steedman
Numerade Educator
00:25

Problem 4

Refer to the Map $3.3 .$ The following topographic map shows an interesting and informative geological feature called a drumlin, which is a pile of sediment left behind by a retreating glacier.
What is the regional relief on Map 3.3?

Zach Steedman
Zach Steedman
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 4

Observe the S wave velocities. Where do the S wave velocities abruptly change?
a. $\sim 20 \mathrm{~km}$
b. $\sim 2,900 \mathrm{~km}$
c. $\sim 5,100 \mathrm{~km}$
d. All of the above

Yuva S
Yuva S
Numerade Educator
01:53

Problem 5

Refer to the Map $3.3 .$ The following topographic map shows an interesting and informative geological feature called a drumlin, which is a pile of sediment left behind by a retreating glacier.
Using the contour lines on Map $3.3$, which area along the red line is steeper $\mathrm{A}$ to $\mathrm{B}$ or $\mathrm{B}$ to $\mathrm{C}$ ? Explain how you came to this conclusion.

Lucas Finney
Lucas Finney
Numerade Educator
00:37

Problem 5

At $\sim 2,900 \mathrm{~km}$, the $\mathrm{S}$ wave velocity falls to $0 .$ Why?
a. S waves can't travel through solids, and this depth is where the solid inner core exists.
b. S waves can't travel through liquids, and this depth is where the liquid outer core exists.
c. S waves can't travel through solids, and this depth is where the solid mantle exists.
d. S waves entered the shadow zone.

Keshav Singh
Keshav Singh
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 6

The zone from $\sim 0-20 \mathrm{~km}$ represents the Earth's:
a. crust
b. mantle
c. inner core
d. outer core

rb
Rabia Bibi
Numerade Educator
02:40

Problem 6

Refer to the Map $3.3 .$ The following topographic map shows an interesting and informative geological feature called a drumlin, which is a pile of sediment left behind by a retreating glacier.
What is the gradient from A to B and B to C on Map 3.3? Show your work.

Lucas Finney
Lucas Finney
Numerade Educator
16:19

Problem 7

Refer to the Map $3.3 .$ The following topographic map shows an interesting and informative geological feature called a drumlin, which is a pile of sediment left behind by a retreating glacier.
Drumlins can be used to determine the direction of movement in the glacier with the glacier moving toward the shallower side of the structure. Using your previous answers for Map $3.3$, what direction was the glacier traveling? Note: unless indicated otherwise, assume that North is up (towards the top of the map).

Vishal Gupta
Vishal Gupta
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 7

The zone from $\sim 20-2,900 \mathrm{~km}$ represents the Earth's:
a. crust
b. mantle
c. inner core
d. outer core

rb
Rabia Bibi
Numerade Educator
View

Problem 8

Construct a topographic profile from A to A’ on the graph paper below.

Nick Johnson
Nick Johnson
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 8

The zone from $\sim 2,900-5,100 \mathrm{~km}$ represents the Earth's:
a. crust
b. mantle
c. inner core
d. outer core

rb
Rabia Bibi
Numerade Educator
00:29

Problem 9

Based on the scale you choose for the topography (vertical axis) in question 8, calculate the amount of vertical exaggeration on the topographic profile you constructed above. Show your work.

Michelle Nguyen
Michelle Nguyen
Numerade Educator
01:35

Problem 9

The zone from $\sim 5,100-6,400 \mathrm{~km}$ represents the Earth's:
a. crust
b. mantle
c. inner core
d. outer core

rb
Rabia Bibi
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 10

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
What is the ratio scale of this map?

Bobby Barnes
Bobby Barnes
University of North Texas
00:50

Problem 10

Measure the distance, using the bar scale, between the pole in 1400 and 1500 (locations $\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{D}$ ). How far did the pole move?
a. $\sim 50 \mathrm{~km}$
b. $\sim 150 \mathrm{~km}$
c. $\sim 600 \mathrm{~km}$
d. $\sim 1,000 \mathrm{~km}$

Linh Vu
Linh Vu
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 11

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
Explain in a sentence how this type of scale works.

Bobby Barnes
Bobby Barnes
University of North Texas
00:52

Problem 11

How far (in $\mathrm{km}$ ) did the pole move in one year during this time period?
a. $0.5 \mathrm{~km}$
b. $1.5 \mathrm{~km}$
c. $6 \mathrm{~km}$
d. $10 \mathrm{~km}$

Victor Salazar
Victor Salazar
Numerade Educator
01:23

Problem 12

How far did the pole move in meters in one year during this time period?
a. $1,500 \mathrm{~m}$
b. $500 \mathrm{~m}$
c. $10,000 \mathrm{~m}$
d. $6,000 \mathrm{~m}$

Varsha Aggarwal
Varsha Aggarwal
Numerade Educator
00:53

Problem 12

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
What is the latitude on the north edge of the map?

K B
K B
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 13

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
What is the longitude on the east edge of the map?

Bobby Barnes
Bobby Barnes
University of North Texas
00:39

Problem 13

Approximately how far did the pole move per day?
a. $<1 \mathrm{~m}$
b. $\sim 16 \mathrm{~m}$
c. $\sim 20 \mathrm{~m}$
d. $\sim 12 \mathrm{~m}$

Ashley High
Ashley High
Numerade Educator
02:08

Problem 14

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
Find Big Dry Creek, which is north of Rome. What direction does that river flow? Explain two reasons why you came to this conclusion.

Bobby Barnes
Bobby Barnes
University of North Texas
02:06

Problem 14

Measure the distance, using the bar scale, between the pole in 1400 and 1700 (locations $\mathrm{C}$ and $\mathrm{F}$ ). How far did the pole move?
a. $\sim 50 \mathrm{~km}$
b. $\sim 150 \mathrm{~km}$
c. $\sim 600 \mathrm{~km}$
d. $\sim 1,000 \mathrm{~km}$

Erika Bustos
Erika Bustos
Numerade Educator
02:56

Problem 15

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
Examine the large Ridge in the Northwestern portion of the map. What is the tallest point in this ridge? How tall is it?

Stephanie Gaston
Stephanie Gaston
Numerade Educator
01:54

Problem 15

Do pole movements tend to be steady every 100 years or variable?
a. movements are steady
b. movements are variable

Mahipal Kumawat
Mahipal Kumawat
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 16

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
How much higher is that point from Lake Conasauga?

Bobby Barnes
Bobby Barnes
University of North Texas
00:35

Problem 16

Search for the "Washington Monument" and zoom into $\sim 3,000$ feet eye altitude. What is the latitude of the monument?
a. $3853^{\prime} \mathrm{N}$
b. $3853^{\prime} \mathrm{S}$
c. $7702^{\prime} \mathrm{E}$
d. $7702^{\prime} \mathrm{W}$

AG
Ankit Gupta
Numerade Educator
01:47

Problem 17

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
What is the gradient between Lake Conasauga and the tallest point in the ridge? Show your work (Hint: zooming out will let you see both features on the map at the same time and may make it easier to measure).

Bobby Barnes
Bobby Barnes
University of North Texas
05:46

Problem 17

What is the longitude of the monument?
a. $3853^{\prime} \mathrm{N}$
b. $3853^{\prime} \mathrm{S}$
c. $7702^{\prime} \mathrm{E}$
d. $7702^{\prime} \mathrm{W}$

Carlos Pinilla
Carlos Pinilla
Numerade Educator
00:55

Problem 18

Zoom into an eye altitude of $\sim 500$ feet. Locate the base of the monument (the base is square and is located in the center of the circle). What is the elevation of the base of the monument in feet?
a. 15 feet
b. 40 feet
c. 65 feet
d. 80 feet

Ashley Volpe
Ashley Volpe
Numerade Educator
02:06

Problem 18

For this part of the lab you will need to use Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ (appearing at the end of this chapter). Following Maps $3.5$ and $3.6$ is a Map Key that you can use to identify the various symbols found on topographic maps.Also, note that the maps are in color and the colors have significance in terms of the symbols.
How would the gradient change if you measured from Swan Lake to the tallest point in the ridge rather than Lake Conasauga? Explain why.

Taylor Shimono
Taylor Shimono
Numerade Educator
01:34

Problem 19

What is the elevation of the base of the monument in meters?
a. 40 meters
b. 25 meters
c. 12 meters
d. 7 meters

Allison Knapp
Allison Knapp
Numerade Educator
01:16

Problem 19

Explain why this map is referred to as a 7.5 minute map?

John Mcalister
John Mcalister
Numerade Educator
03:09

Problem 20

How big is the base (area) of the Washington Monument in square feet? (Hint
- make sure the 3 D Buildings is selected in the Layers box, located in the lower left of the screen. Also, area is measured in square feet, so make sure you are multiplying two measurements.)
a. $\sim 1040$ feet
b. $\sim 3100$ feet
c. $\sim 4700$ feet
d. $\sim 6030$ feet

Jessica Harter
Jessica Harter
Numerade Educator
01:24

Problem 20

What is the relief on this map?

Christina Sorrentino
Christina Sorrentino
Numerade Educator
01:00

Problem 21

If you were standing at the Washington Monument, what direction would you need to walk to go to the United States Capitol Building?
a. North
b. East
c. South
d. West

Manish Kumar
Manish Kumar
Numerade Educator
02:26

Problem 21

Does Taggert Creek flow into Taggert Lake or Lake Taminah? What direction does the creek flow?

Gordon Ayadju
Gordon Ayadju
Numerade Educator
01:37

Problem 22

Garnet Canyon (a little to the west of the word Garnet) is a common camping location for hikers and mountain climbers at the Grand Teton's National Park. Examine the topography surrounding Garnet Canyon and the Middle Teton. What would be the easiest and safest route from Garnet Canyon to the top of the Middle Teton? Explain why. (Drawing a simple map will help).

Stephen Hobbs
Stephen Hobbs
Numerade Educator
03:24

Problem 22

The direction system is useful, but imprecise. It is better to use a bearing. If you were standing at the Washington Monument, what bearing would you need to walk to go to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, which houses many important geological specimens (Hint: Many of the buildings on the National Mall are part of the Smithsonian - make sure you get the correct building!)?
a. 30
b. 75
c. 90
d. 260

Jay Patel
Jay Patel
Numerade Educator
03:24

Problem 23

The direction system is useful, but imprecise. It is better to use a bearing. If you were standing at the Washington Monument, what bearing would you need to walk to go to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, which houses many important geological specimens (Hint: Many of the buildings on the National Mall are part of the Smithsonian - make sure you get the correct building!)?
a. 30
b. 75
c. 90
d. 260

Jay Patel
Jay Patel
Numerade Educator
00:59

Problem 24

How far is this distance in kilometers?
a. $0.5$ kilometers
b. $0.9$ kilometers
c. $1.4$ kilometers
d. $1.9$ kilometers

Ricajoy Montero
Ricajoy Montero
Numerade Educator
01:20

Problem 25

Overall, would you be walking uphill or downhill?
a. No change in elevation
b. Slightly uphill
c. Slightly downhill

Liuxi Sun
Liuxi Sun
Numerade Educator
00:56

Problem 26

How much does the elevation change in feet?
a. 0 feet
b. 10 feet
c. 20 feet
d. 30 feet

James Kiss
James Kiss
Numerade Educator
05:20

Problem 27

What is the gradient of your walk?
a. $\sim 0.003$
b. $\sim 0.05$
c. $\sim 0.5$
d. $\sim 1$

Megan Mcfarland
Megan Mcfarland
Numerade Educator
04:53

Problem 28

You decide to start walking from the Washington Monument to the White House, but as soon as you start a Park Ranger yells at you for walking on the grass. How far would the walk be (in miles) if you stayed on the sidewalks? There are many possible routes $-$ try to take one of the shortest routes possible.
a. $0.5$ miles
b. $0.8$ miles
c. 2 miles
d. 5 miles

Sheryl Ezze
Sheryl Ezze
Numerade Educator
00:36

Problem 29

Now, let's look at a geologic feature. Put $360535.38 \mathrm{~N} 1131443.70 \mathrm{~W}$ into the search bar and zoom out to an eye altitude of $\sim 25,000$ feet. This is the Grand Canyon. If you started out in Washington, D.C., what bearing would you need to travel in to go to the Grand Canyon?
a. 210
b. 245
c. 275
d. 315

Elizabeth Xu
Elizabeth Xu
Numerade Educator
01:01

Problem 30

The Grand Canyon is an extraordinarily steep area. If you go from the river at the bottom of the Canyon $(36$ os $35.38 \mathrm{~N} 1131443.70 \mathrm{~W}$ ) straight north up the canyon rim (the area that flattens out above the red layers of rock $-36$ o6 $10.12 \mathrm{~N} 1131448.88 \mathrm{~W})$, what is the gradient of the Grand Canyon? (Hint:
You can tilt the image, which will make the flat rim easier to see, by either pressing down on the middle mouse wheel and moving the mouse forward and backward or by clicking on the arrows above and below the eye in the upper right hand portion of the window.)
a. $0.214$
b. $0.673$
c. $0.976$
d. $1.245$

Ethan Somes
Ethan Somes
Numerade Educator