Chapter Questions
What kind of sugars are these, aldose or ketose?
Which categories of amino acid would you expect to find on the surface of a soluble protein, and which would you expect to find in the interior? What distribution of amino acids would you expect to find in a protein embedded in a lipid bilayer?
A mutation occurs, and cytosine is replaced with adenine. What impact do you think this will have on the DNA structure?
Dehydration synthesis leads to formation ofa. monomersb. polymersc. water and polymersd. none of the above
During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?a. hydrolysisb. dehydrationc. condensationd. covalent bond
The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (C $4 \mathrm{H}_{8} \mathrm{O}_{2}$ ):$\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{COOH}$What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate? a. condensationb. hydrolysisc. combustiond. acid-base reaction
An example of a monosaccharide is _______.a. fructoseb. glucosec. galactosed. all of the above
Cellulose and starch are examples of: a. monosaccharidesb. disaccharidesc. lipidsd. polysaccharides
Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?a. starchb. cellulosec. glycogend. lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a _______ bond between glucose and ________.a. glycosidic; lactoseb. glycosidic; galactosec. hydrogen; sucrosed. hydrogen; fructose
Which of the following is not an extracellular matrix role of carbohydrates?a. protect an insect's internal organs from external traumab. prevent plant cells from lysing after the plant is wateredc. maintain the shape of a fungal spored. provide energy for muscle movement
Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except:a. they are solid at room temperatureb. they have single bonds within the carbon chainc. they are usually obtained from animal sourcesd. they tend to dissolve in water easily
Phospholipids are important components of _______.a. the plasma membrane of cellsb. the ring structure of steroidsc. the waxy covering on leavesd. the double bond in hydrocarbon chains
Cholesterol is an integral part of plasma membranes. Based on its structure, where is it found in the membrane?a. on the extracellular surfaceb. embedded with the phospholipid headsc. within the tail bilayerd. attached to the intracellular surface
The monomers that make up proteins are called ________.a. nucleotidessb. disaccharidesc. amino acidsd. chaperones
The $\alpha$ -helix and the $\beta$ -pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?a. primaryb. secondaryc. tertiaryd. quaternary
Mad cow disease is an infectious disease where one misfolded protein causes all other copies of the protein to being misfolding. This is an example of a disease impacting structure.a. primaryb. secondaryc. tertiaryd. quaternary
A nucleotide of DNA may contain_______.a. ribose, uracil, and a phosphate groupb. deoxyribose, uracil, and a phosphate groupc. deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate groupd. ribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
The building blocks of nucleic acids are______.a. sugarsb. nitrogenous basesc. peptidesd. nucleotides
How does the double helix structure of DNA support its role in encoding the genome?a. The sugar-phosphate backbone provides a template for DNA replication.b. tRNA pairing with the template strand creates proteins encoded by the genome.c. Complementary base pairing creates a very stable structure.d. Complementary base pairing allows for easy editing of both strands of DNA.
Why are biological macromolecules considered organic?
What role do electrons play in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Amino acids have the generic structure seen below, where R represents different carbon-based side chains.Describe how the structure of amino acids allows them to be linked into long peptide chains to form proteins.
Describe the similarities and differences between glycogen and starch.
Why is it impossible for humans to digest food that contains cellulose?
Draw the ketose and aldose forms of a monosaccharide with the chemical formula $\mathrm{C}_{3} \mathrm{H}_{6} \mathrm{O}_{3}$ How is the structure of the monosaccharide changed from one form to the other in the human body?
Explain at least three functions that lipids serve in plants and/or animals.
Why have trans fats been banned from some restaurants? How are they created?
Why are fatty acids better than glycogen for storing large amounts of chemical energy?
Part of cortisol's role in the body involves passing through the plasma membrane to initiate signaling inside a cell. Describe how the structures of cortisol and the plasma membrane allow this to occur.
Explain what happens if even one amino acid is substituted for another in a polypeptide chain. Provide a specific example.
Describe the differences in the four protein structures.
Aquaporins are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane that allow water molecules to move between the extracellular matrix and the intracellular space. Based on its function and location, describe the key features of the protein's shape and the chemical characteristics of its amino acids.
What are the structural differences between RNA and DNA?
What are the four types of RNA and how do they function?