Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

John E. McMurry, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson, David S. Ballantine

Chapter 29

Body Fluids - all with Video Answers

Educators

Chapter Questions

Problem 1

The drug cisplatin is used to treat various forms of cancer in humans. As with many other drugs, the difficult part in designing the cisplatin molecule was to have a structure that ensures transport into the cell. The equilibrium reaction that takes place in the body when cisplatin is administered is
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)
(This is an example of ligand exchange.) Which form of cisplatin would you expect to exist inside the cell (where chloride concentrations are small)? Which form of cisplatin would you expect to exist outside the cell (where chloride concentrations are high)? Which form-cisplatin or monoaquacisplatin-enters the cell most readily? Why?

Ramesh Singh

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 2

Match each term in the (a)-(e) group with its definition from the (i)-(v) group:
(a) Interstitial fluid
(b) Whole blood
(c) Blood serum
(d) Intracellular fluid
(e) Blood plasma
(i) Fluid that remains when blood cells are removed
(ii) Fluid, solutes, and cells that together flow through veins and arteries
(iii) Fluid that fills spaces between cells
(iv) Fluid that remains when blood clotting agents are removed from plasma
(v) Fluid within cells

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 3

Carbon dioxide dissolved in body fluids has a pronounced effect on $\mathrm{pH}$.
(a) Does $\mathrm{pH}$ go up or down when carbon dioxide dissolves in these fluids? Does this change indicate higher or lower acidity?
(b) What does a blood gas analysis measure?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 4

Classify the following conditions as a cause of respiratory or metabolic acidosis or alkalosis (consult Table 29.4).
(a) Emphysema
(b) Kidney failure
(c) Overdose of an antacid

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 5

Classify the following conditions as a cause of respiratory or metabolic acidosis or alkalosis (consult Table 29.4).
(a) Severe panic attack
(b) Congestive heart failure
(c) Running a marathon

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 6

In Chemistry in Action: The Blood-Brain Barrier, the fact that heroin was better able to cross the blood-brain barrier than morphine was discussed. Looking at the structures of these two molecules (refer to Section 15.6), circle the areas where they differ and why this explains the difference between the potencies of heroin and morphine as analgesics.

Lottie Adams

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Problem 7

Body fluids occupy two different compartments, either inside the cells or outside the cells.
(a) What are body fluids found inside the cell called?
(b) What are body fluids found outside the cell called?
(c) What are the two major subclasses of fluids found outside the cells?
(d) What major electrolytes are found inside the cells?
(e) What major electrolytes are found outside the cells?

VS

Vivek Singh

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Problem 8

In the diagram shown here, fill in the blanks with the names of the principal components of whole blood:
(FIGURE CAN'T COPY)

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 9

Fill in the blanks to identify some of the major functions of blood:
(a) Blood carries _________ from lungs to tissues.
(b) Blood carries _________ from the tissues to lungs.
(c) Blood transports _________ from the digestive system to the tissues.
(d) Blood carries _________ from the tissues to the site of excretion.
(e) Blood transports _________ from the endocrine glands to their site of binding.
(f) Blood transports defensive agents such as _________ to destroy foreign material and to prevent blood loss.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 10

List four symptoms of inflammation.

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Problem 11

Explain how the chemical messenger histamine is biosynthesized and how it elicits each symptom of inflammation.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 12

Differentiate between cell-mediated immune response and antibody-mediated immune response.

Trizia Isaac

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Problem 13

How does the composition of urine help to maintain a healthy physiological acid-base balance?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 14

What are the three principal body fluids and the approximate percentage of total body water accounted for by each?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 15

What characteristics are needed for a substance to be soluble in body fluids?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 16

Give an example of a substance found in tissues that is not soluble in blood. How are components that are not normally soluble in blood transported?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 17

What effects do the differences in pressure between arterial capillaries, interstitial fluids, and venous capillaries have on solutes crossing cell membranes?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 18

How does blood pressure compare with the interstitial fluid pressure in arterial capillaries? With the interstitial fluid pressure in venous capillaries?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 19

What is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 20

Where in the body does the lymph enter the bloodstream?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 21

What is vasopressin?

Rehana Riaz

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Problem 22

What happens when excess secretion of antidiuretic hormone occurs? State two causes of this.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 23

What is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 24

At what percent of body-mass loss is collapse very likely to occur?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 25

What are the three main types of blood cells?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 26

What is the major function of each of the three types of blood cells?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 27

What solutes in body fluids are referred to as electrolytes?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 28

What are the major electrolytes inside cells and outside cells?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 29

What is an antigen, and what are the three types of responses the body makes upon exposure to an antigen?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 30

Antihistamines are often prescribed to counteract the effects of allergies. Explain how these drugs work.

Emily Himsel

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Problem 31

How are specific immune responses similar to the enzyme-substrate interaction?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 32

What class of plasma proteins is involved in the antibodymediated immune response?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 33

What kinds of cells are associated with the antibodydirected immune response, and how do they work?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 34

State the three major functions of T cells.

Eric Goldman

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Problem 35

T cells are often discussed in conjunction with the disease AIDS, in which a virus destroys these cells. How do T cells work to combat disease?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 36

What are memory cells, and what is their role in the immune response?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 37

What is a blood clot? What is it composed of?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 38

What vitamin and what mineral are specifically associated with the clotting process?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 39

Describe the intrinsic pathway in blood clotting.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 40

Why, do you suppose, are many of the enzymes involved in blood clotting secreted by the body as zymogens?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 41

How many $\mathrm{O}_2$ molecules can be bound by each hemoglobin tetramer?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 42

What must be the charge of the iron in hemoglobin for it to perform its function?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 43

What color is deoxyhemoglobin? Why?

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Problem 44

How does the degree of saturation of hemoglobin vary with the partial pressure of $\mathrm{O}_2$ in the tissues?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 45

Oxygen has an allosteric interaction with hemoglobin. What are the results of this interaction as oxygen is bonded and as it is released?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 46

What are the three ways of transporting $\mathrm{CO}_2$ in the body?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 47

Use Figure 29.11 to estimate the partial pressure of $\mathrm{O}_2$ at which hemoglobin is $50 \%$ saturated with oxygen under normal conditions. Dry air at sea level is about $21 \%$ oxygen. What would be the percentage saturation of your hemoglobin under these conditions?

VS

Vivek Singh

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Problem 48

When an actively metabolizing tissue produces $\mathrm{CO}_2$, the $\mathrm{H}^{+}$concentration of blood increases. Explain how this happens using a chemical equation.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 49

Do the following conditions cause hemoglobin to release more $\mathrm{O}_2$ to the tissues or to absorb more $\mathrm{O}_2$ ?
(a) Raising the temperature
(b) Increased production of $\mathrm{CO}_2$
(c) Increasing the $\mathrm{H}^{+}$concentration

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 50

What are the two types of acidosis? How do they differ?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 51

Ketoacidosis is a condition that can arise in an individual with diabetes due to excessive production of ketone bodies. Is this condition classified as metabolic acidosis or respiratory acidosis? Explain.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 52

What are the two types of alkalosis? How do they differ?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 53

Kidneys are often referred to as filters that purify the blood. What other two essential functions do the kidneys perform to help maintain homeostasis?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 54

Write the reactions by which $\mathrm{HPO}_4{ }^{2-}$ and $\mathrm{HCO}_3^{-}$absorb excess $\mathrm{H}^{+}$from the urine before elimination.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 55

What is the chemical basis for ethanol's solubility in blood?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 56

Nursing mothers are able to impart some immunity to their infants. Why do you think this is so?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 57

Many people find they retain water after eating salty food, evidenced by swollen fingers and ankles. Explain this phenomenon in terms of how the kidneys operate.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 58

How does active transport differ from osmosis?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 59

When is active transport necessary to move substances through cell membranes?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 60

Discuss the importance of the $\mathrm{CO}_2 / \mathrm{HCO}_3{ }^{-}$equilibrium in blood and in urine.

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 61

We have discussed homeostasis throughout this text. But what is hemostasis? Is it related to homeostasis?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 62

When people panic, cry, or have a high fever, they often begin to hyperventilate. Hyperventilation is abnormally fast or deep respiration, which results in the loss of carbon dioxide from the blood. Explain how hyperventilation changes the blood chemistry. Why can breathing into a paper bag alleviate hyperventilation?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 63

How do endothelial cells in brain capillaries differ from those in other capillary systems?

Ramesh Singh

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Problem 64

What is meant by an asymmetric transport system? Give one specific example of such a system.

Averell Hause

Carnegie Mellon University

Problem 65

What type of substance is likely to breach the blood-brain barrier? Would ethanol be likely to cross this barrier? Why or why not?

Joanna Quigley

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Problem 66

What is the metabolic blood-brain barrier?

Dennis Howard

Numerade Educator

Problem 67

How are photometers used in automated analysis?

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Problem 68

Why is automated analysis useful to test for enzyme levels in body fluids?

Asami Ehlert

Numerade Educator

Problem 69

In analyzing body fluids for medical diagnoses, what are some advantages of using automated analyzers rather than technicians?

Sharfa Farzandh

Sharfa Farzandh

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