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Managerial Accounting - Decision Making and Motivating Performance

Srikant M. Datar, Madhav V. Rajan

Chapter 11

Capital Investments - all with Video Answers

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Chapter Questions

02:41

Problem 1

List and briefly describe each of the five stages in capital budgeting.

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01:15

Problem 2

What is the essence of the discounted cash flow methods?

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01:05

Problem 3

How can managers incorporate sensitivity analysis in DCF analysis?

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01:33

Problem 4

What is the payback method? What are its main strengths and weaknesses?

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01:38

Problem 5

Describe the accrual accounting rate-of-return method. What are its main strengths and weaknesses?

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05:25

Problem 6

Bill Watts, president of Western Publications, accepts a capital budgeting project proposed by division $\mathrm{X}$. This is the division in which the president spent his first 10 years with the company. On the same day, the president rejects a capital budgeting project proposal from division Y. The manager of division $\mathrm{Y}$ is incensed. She believes that the division $\mathrm{Y}$ project has an internal rate of return at least 10 percentage points higher than the division $X$ project. She comments, "What is the point of all our detailed DCF analysis? If Watts is panting over a project, he can arrange to have the proponents of that project massage the numbers so that it looks like a winner." What advice would you give the manager of division Y?

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04:27

Problem 7

Distinguish different categories of cash flows to be considered in an equipment-replacement decision by a tax-paying company.

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02:22

Problem 8

Describe three ways income taxes can affect the cash inflows or outflows in a motor vehicle replacement decision by a tax-paying company.

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01:06

Problem 9

How can capital budgeting tools assist in evaluating a manager who is responsible for retaining customers of a cellular telephone company?

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02:18

Problem 10

Distinguish the nominal rate of return from the real rate of return.

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02:19

Problem 11

Exercises in compound interest, no income taxes. To be sure that you understand how to use the tables in the Appendix at the end of this book, solve the following exercises. Ignore income tax considerations. The correct answers, rounded to the nearest dollar, appear on pages 479-480.

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Problem 12

Capital budgeting methods, no income taxes. Valleyview Company runs hardware stores in a tri-state area. Valleyview's management estimates that if it invests $$\$ 325,000$$ in a new computer system, it can save $$\$ 72,000$$ in annual cash operating costs. The system has an expected useful life of 8 years and no terminal disposal value. The required rate of return is $8 \%$. Ignore income tax issues in your answers. Assume all cash flows occur at year-end except for initial investment amounts.

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Problem 13

Capital budgeting methods, no income taxes. Techno Labs, a nonprofit organization, estimates that it can save $$\$ 25,000$$ a year in cash operating costs for the next 8 years if it buys a special-purpose eye-testing machine at a cost of $$\$ 120,000$$. No terminal disposal value is expected. Techno Labs' required rate of return is $12 \%$. Assume all cash flows occur at year-end except for initial investment amounts. Techno Labs uses straight-line depreciation.

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Problem 14

Capital budgeting, income taxes. Assume the same facts as in Exercise 11-13 except that Techno Labs is a tax-paying entity. The income tax rate is $30 \%$ for all transactions that affect income taxes.

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Problem 15

Capital budgeting with uneven cash flows, no income taxes. America Cola is considering the purchase of a special-purpose bottling machine for $$\$ 28,000$$. It is expected to have a useful life of 4 years with no terminal disposal value. The plant manager estimates the following savings in cash operating costs:$$
\begin{array}{|c|r|}
\hline \text { Year } & \text { Amount } \\
\hline 1 & \$ 12,000 \\
2 & 10,000 \\
3 & 9,000 \\
4 & \underline{8,000} \\
\text { Total } & \underline{\$ 39,000} \\
\hline
\end{array}
$$America Cola uses a required rate of return of $20 \%$ in its capital budgeting decisions. Ignore income taxes in your analysis. Assume all cash flows occur at year-end except for initial investment amounts.

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Problem 16

Comparison of projects, no income taxes. (CMA, adapted) New Olgy Corporation is a rapidly growing biotech company that has a required rate of return of $14 \%$. It plans to build a new facility in Santa Clara County. The building will take 2 years to complete. The building contractor offered New Olgy a choice of three payment plans:

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00:00

Problem 17

Payback and NPV methods, no income taxes. (CMA, adapted) Clarabelles Construction is analyzing its capital expenditure proposals for the purchase of equipment in the coming year. The capital budget is limited to $\$ 10,000,000$ for the year. Laura Bobo, staff analyst at Clarabelles, is preparing an analysis of the three projects under consideration by Calvin Clarabelles, the company's owner.(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 18

DCF, accrual accounting rate of return, working capital, evaluation of performance, no income taxes. Compo Research plans to purchase a new centrifuge machine for its New Mexico facility. The machine costs $$\$ 382,000$$ and is expected to have a useful life of 10 years, with a terminal disposal value of $$\$ 47,000$$. Savings in cash operating costs are expected to be $$\$ 79,000$$ per year. However, Compo Research needs additional working capital to keep the machine running efficiently. The working capital must continually be replaced, so an investment of $$\$ 22,000$$ needs to be maintained at all times, but this investment is fully recoverable (will be "cashed in") at the end of the useful life. Compo Research's required rate of return is $12 \%$. Ignore income taxes in your analysis. Assume all cash flows occur at year-end except for initial investment amounts. Compo Research uses straight-line depreciation for its machines.

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Problem 19

New equipment purchase, income taxes. Amanda's Bakery plans to purchase a new oven for its store. The oven has an estimated useful life of 4 years. The estimated pretax cash flows for the oven are as shown in the table that follows, with no anticipated change in working capital. Amanda's Bakery has an $8 \%$ after-tax required rate of return and a $34 \%$ income tax rate. Assume depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis for tax purposes using the initial oven investment and estimated terminal disposal value of the oven. Assume all cash flows occur at year-end except for initial investment amounts.
(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 20

New equipment purchase, income taxes. New Frontiers, Inc., is considering the purchase of a new industrial electric motor to improve efficiency at its Chico plant. The motor has an estimated useful life of 5 years. The estimated pretax cash flows for the motor are shown in the table that follows, with no anticipated change in working capital. New Frontiers has an $8 \%$ after-tax required rate of return and a $30 \%$ income tax rate. Assume depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis for tax purposes. Assume all cash flows occur at year-end except for initial investment amounts.(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 21

Selling a plant, income taxes. (CMA, adapted) The Lucky Seven Company is an international clothing manufacturer. Its Santa Monica plant will become idle on December 31, 2013. Peter Laney, the corporate controller, has been asked to look at three options regarding the plant:
- Option 1 The plant, which has been fully depreciated for tax purposes, can be sold immediately for $$\$ 900,000$$.
- Option 2 The plant can be leased to the Preston Corporation, one of Lucky Seven's suppliers, for 4 years. Under the lease terms, Preston would pay Lucky Seven $$\$ 220,000$$ rent per year (payable at year-end) and would grant Lucky Seven a $$\$ 40,000$$ annual discount off the normal price of fabric purchased by Lucky Seven. (Assume that the discount is received at year-end for each of the 4 years.) Preston would bear all of the plant's ownership costs. Lucky Seven expects to sell this plant for $$\$ 150,000$$ at the end of the 4-year lease.
- Option 3 The plant could be used for 4 years to make souvenir jackets for the Olympics. Fixed overhead costs (a cash outflow) before any equipment upgrades are estimated to be $$\$ 20,000$$ annually for the 4 -year period. The jackets are expected to sell for $$\$ 55$$ each. Variable cost per unit is expected to be $$\$ 43$$. The following production and sales of jackets are expected: 2014, 18,000 units; 2015, 26,000 units; 2016, 30,000 units; 2017, 10,000 units. In order to manufacture the jackets, some of the plant equipment would need to be upgraded at an immediate cost of $$\$ 160,000$$. The equipment would be depreciated using the straightline depreciation method and zero terminal disposal value over the 4 years it would be in use. Because of the equipment upgrades, Lucky Seven could sell the plant for $$\$ 270,000$$ at the end of 4 years. No change in working capital would be required.

Lucky Seven treats all cash flows as if they occur at the end of the year, and it uses an after-tax required rate of return of $10 \%$. Lucky Seven is subject to a $35 \%$ tax rate on all income, including capital gains.

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Problem 22

Equipment replacement, no income taxes. A-1 Chips is a manufacturer of prototype chips based in Dublin, Ireland. Next year, in 2014, A-1 Chips expects to deliver 605 prototype chips at an average price of $$\$ 110,000$$. A-1 Chips' marketing vice president forecasts growth of 55 prototype chips per year through 2020. That is, demand will be 605 in 2014, 660 in 2015, 715 in 2016, and so on.

The plant cannot produce more than 575 prototype chips annually. To meet future demand, A-1 Chips must either modernize the plant or replace it. The old equipment is fully depreciated and can be sold for $$\$ 4,500,000$$ if the plant is replaced. If the plant is modernized, the costs to modernize it are to be capitalized and depreciated over the useful life of the updated plant. The old equipment is retained as part of the modernize alternative. The following data on the two options are:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 23

Equipment replacement, income taxes (continuation of 11-22). Assume the same facts as in Problem 11-22, except that the plant is located in Austin, Texas. A-1 Chips has no special waiver on income taxes. It pays a $25 \%$ tax rate on all income. Proceeds from sales of equipment above book value are taxed at the same $25 \%$ rate.

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Problem 24

DCF, sensitivity analysis, no income taxes. (CMA, adapted) Grace Corporation is an international manufacturer of fragrances for women. Management at Grace is considering expanding the product line to men's fragrances. From the best estimates of the marketing and production managers, annual sales (all for cash) for this new line is $1,400,000$ units at $$\$ 40$$ per unit; cash variable cost is $$\$ 15$$ per unit; and cash fixed costs are $$\$ 15,000,000$$ per year. The investment project requires $$\$ 40,000,000$$ of cash outflow and has a project life of 6 years.

At the end of the 6-year useful life, there will be no terminal disposal value. Assume all cash flows occur at year-end except for initial investment amounts.

Men's fragrance is a new market for Grace, and management is concerned about the reliability of the estimates. The controller has proposed applying sensitivity analysis to selected factors. Ignore income taxes in your computations. Grace's required rate of return on this project is $16 \%$.

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21:58

Problem 25

NPV, IRR, and sensitivity analysis. Yummy Candy Company is considering expanding by buying a new (additional) machine that costs $$\$ 124,000$$, has zero terminal disposal value, and has an 11-year useful life. The company expects the annual increase in cash revenues from the expansion to be $$\$ 56,000$$ per year. It expects additional annual cash costs to be $$\$ 36,000$$ per year. Its cost of capital is $8 \%$. Ignore taxes.

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Problem 26

Payback methods, even and uneven cash flows. You have the opportunity to expand your business by purchasing new equipment for $$\$ 222,000$$. The equipment has a useful life of 9 years. You expect to incur cash fixed costs of $$\$ 79,000$$ per year to use this new equipment, and you expect to incur cash variable costs in the amount of $5 \%$ of cash revenues. Your cost of capital is $10 \%$.

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Problem 27

Replacement of a machine, income taxes, sensitivity. (CMA, adapted) The Frooty Company is a family-owned business that produces fruit jam. The company has a grinding machine that has been in use for 3 years. On January 1, 2013, Frooty is considering the purchase of a new grinding machine. Frooty has two options: (1) continue using the old machine or (2) sell the old machine and purchase a new machine. The seller of the new machine isn't offering a trade-in. The following information has been obtained:(TABLE CAN'T COPY)

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Problem 28

NPV and AARR, goal-congruence issues. Eric Scanzillo, a manager of the Plate Division for the Ore City Manufacturing Company, has the opportunity to expand the division by investing in additional machinery costing $$\$ 430,000$$. He would depreciate the equipment using the straight-line method, and expects it to have no residual value. It has a useful life of 8 years. The firm mandates a required after-tax rate of return of $12 \%$ on investments. Eric estimates annual net cash inflows for this investment of $$\$ 110,000$$ before taxes, and an investment in working capital of $$\$ 7,500$$. The tax rate is $30 \%$.

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Problem 29

Recognizing cash flows for capital investment projects. Jane Fando owns a fitness center and is thinking of replacing the old Ab-0-Matic machine with a brand new FlabBlaster 5000. The old Ab-0-Matic has a historical cost of $$\$ 25,200$$ and accumulated depreciation of $$\$ 23,000$$, but has a trade-in value of $$\$ 2,700$$. It currently costs $$\$ 600$$ per month in utilities and another $$\$ 5,000$$ a year in maintenance to run the Ab-0-Matic. Jane feels that the Ab-0-Matic can be used for another 11 years, after which it would have no salvage value.

The Flab-Blaster 5000 would reduce the utilities costs by $30 \%$ and cut the maintenance cost in half. The Flab-Blaster 5000 costs $$\$ 49,000$$, has an 11 -year life, and an expected disposal value of $$\$ 5,000$$ at the end of its useful life.

Jane charges customers $\$ 5$ per hour to use the fitness center. Replacing the fitness machine will not affect the price of service or the number of customers she can serve.

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Problem 30

Recognizing cash flows for capital investment projects, NPV.
City Manufacturing manufactures over 20,000 different products made from metal, including building materials, tools, and furniture parts. The manager of the furniture parts division has proposed that his division expand into bicycle parts as well. The furniture parts division currently generates cash revenues of $$\$ 5,300,000$$ and incurs cash costs of $$\$ 3,750,000$$, with an investment in assets of $$\$ 12,270,000$$. One-fifth of the cash costs are direct labor.

The manager estimates that the expansion of the business will require an investment in working capital of $$\$ 70,000$$. Because the company already has a facility, there would be no additional rent or purchase costs for a building, but the project would generate an additional $$\$ 300,000$$ in annual cash overhead. Moreover, the manager expects annual materials cash costs for bicycle parts to be $$\$ 1,650,000$$, and labor for the bicycle parts to be about the same as the labor cash costs for fumiture parts.

The controller of City, working with various managers, estimates that the expansion would require the purchase of equipment with a $$\$ 2,430,000$$ cost and an expected disposal value of $$\$ 450,000$$ at the end of its 6 -year useful life. Depreciation would occur on a straight-line basis.

The CFO of City determines the firm's cost of capital as $12 \%$. The CFO's salary is $$\$ 200,000$$ per year. Adding another division will not change that. The CEO asks for a report on expected revenues for the project, and is told by the marketing department that it might be able to achieve cash revenues of $$\$ 3,480,000$$ annually from bicycle parts. City Manufacturing has a tax rate of $40 \%$.

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Problem 31

NPV, inflation and taxes. Cheap-0 Foods is considering replacing all 10 of its old cash registers with new ones. The old registers are fully depreciated and have no disposal value. The new registers cost $$\$ 899,640$$ (in total). Because the new registers are more efficient than the old registers, Cheap- 0 will have annual incremental cash savings from using the new registers in the amount of $$\$ 192,000$$ per year. The registers have a 7 -year useful life and no terminal disposal value, and are depreciated using the straight-line method. Cheap-0 requires an $8 \%$ real rate of return.

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Problem 32

Net present value, internal rate of return, sensitivity analysis.
Sally wants to purchase a Burger Bam franchise. She can buy one for $$\$ 750,000$$. Burger Barn headquarters provides the following information:

Estimated annual cash revenues & $$\$ 420,000$$
Typical annual cash operating expenses & $$\$ 248,000$$

Sally will also have to pay Burger Barn a franchise fee of $10 \%$ of her revenues each year. Sally wants to earn at least $10 \%$ on the investment because she has to borrow the $$\$ 750,000$$ at a cost of $6 \%$. Use an 11 -year window and ignore taxes.

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